Embolisation systems

ABSTRACT

A bristle device for delivery into a body lumen comprises a longitudinally extending stem 1 and a plurality of bristles extending generally outwardly from the stem for anchoring the device in a body lumen. There may be at least two bristle segments and in some cases there are flexible sections between the segments. The flexible sections articulate to enable the device to pass through a catheter placed in a tortuous anatomy or to be deployed in a curved vessel, or across a bifurcation. In some cases at least some of the bristle segments are spaced-apart to accommodate bending of the bristles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of pending International Application No. PCT/EP2014/055186, filed on Mar. 14, 2014, which claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119 to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/885,868, filed Oct. 2, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/787,223, filed Mar. 15, 2013. This application also claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119 to European Patent Application No. 15175292.0, filed Jul. 3, 2015, European Patent Application No. 15151922.0, filed Jan. 21, 2015, and European Patent Application No. 14184807.7, filed Sep. 15, 2014. The entire contents of all of the above-listed applications are incorporated by reference herein.

INTRODUCTION

This invention relates to devices and systems for embolisation.

Migration of conventional embolisation coils occurs 4-14% of transcatheter embolisations [2,3]. Non-target embolisation is an outcome of coils migration, the impact of which depends on the final location of the coils. In the venous system, the consequences can be catastrophic with literature indicating that coils can migrate into the renal vein, right atrium of the heart, lung (pulmonary artery). Percutaneous retrieval of the coils is technically very challenging and frequently cannot be attempted as the coils are often entrapped within the organs and tissue.

Coil migration occurs for various reasons:

-   -   Technical error: release of a coil or coil pack too distal or         proximal to an adjoining larger vessel or plexus [6,7]     -   High blood flow areas can cause the coil to migrate.     -   Coil: vessel mismatch. The coils are undersized, hence will not         injure the vessel wall, will not induce thrombosis, and are         likely to migrate. Or the coils are oversized and will act like         a guide-wire and pass further distally into the vessel [8,9].     -   Vessel dilation: coil migration can occur due to a disparity in         the size of coils and dilated vessels, which can change in their         diameters depending on vessel hemodynamics [5].     -   Coils impart a very low radial (anchor) force on the lumen, once         a clot forms within the coil, blood flow can force it to         migrate.

The profile of the embolisation device and delivery system is a critical success factor in successfully accessing target embolisation locations e.g. the iliac arteries are frequently tortuous in the presence of abdominal aortic aneurysms [8]. To combat this issue today, microcatheters are often employed in difficult or tortuous anatomy where use of standard catheters may induce spasm and lead to a failed embolisation procedure [8]. Additionally different stages in a procedure may require catheters with different mechanical properties e.g. accessing a visceral vessel, particularly in the presence of diseased or tortuous arteries, may require a catheter with a high degree of stiffness and torque control. In general, the lower the profile of the device and delivery system, the greater the accessibility of the device into tortuous and higher order vessels. A lower profile device reduces the diameter of catheter required for delivery and lowers the risks of access site infections, hematomas and lumen spasm.

Dependent on the clinical application of the device, variable anchor forces may be required to prevent migration of the prosthesis e.g. arterial and venous applications have variable blood flow rates and forces. This in turn, will lead to a compromise in terms of profile since larger fibres, which better anchor the bristle device in the lumen, will require a larger catheter for delivery.

The technique generally used to embolise vessels today is to insert a metallic scaffold (coil, plug) into the target vessel, to cause a thrombus that adheres to the scaffold, relying on the thrombus to induce blood cessation and eventually occlude the vessel. In general, available embolisation technology does not interfere with or interact with blood flow densely enough across the vessel cross section to induce rapid, permanent vessel occlusion.

Using technology available today, the physician will often have to prolong a specific duration of time for the technology to induce occlusion. In one approach the physician inserts coils and then waits 20 minutes for the coils to expand and cause vessel occlusion [1].

The restoration of the lumen of a blood vessel following thrombotic occlusion by restoration of the channel or by the formation of new channels, is termed recanalisation. Recanalisation can occur due to, coil migration, fragmentation of the embolisation material, and formation of a new vessel lumen that circumvents the occlusion [9]. Recanalization rates vary by procedure and embolic agent, ranging from 10% to portal vein embolisation to 15% for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations to 30% for splenic artery embolisation [12,14,15].

U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,547 describes a brush fixation method for attachment of tissues and occlusion of blood vessels.

STATEMENTS OF INVENTION

According to the invention there is provided an embolisation device for promoting clot formation in a lumen comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly from the stem to anchor the device in a lumen, the device comprising a plurality of segments, each of which comprises a plurality of bristles and wherein the device comprises flexible sections between at least some of the bristle segments.

In one embodiment the stem comprises flexible sections between the bristle segments. The flexible sections may articulate.

In one case a bristle segment in the deployed configuration has a segment diameter, a segment length and a bristle density defined by the number of bristles in the segment. The segment bristle density may be from 100 to 1000 per centimetre of segment length. The segment bristle density may be from 100 to 300, optionally 200 to 800, optionally 300 to 800, optionally 200 to 1000 per centimetre of segment length. The segment diameter may be from 3 to 24 mm. The segment diameter may be from 3 to 6, optionally 6 to 8, optionally 8 to 10, optionally 10 to 12, optionally 12 to 16, optionally 10 to 18, optionally 10 to 24 mm. The segment diameter may be from 4 to 5, optionally 6, optionally 12, optionally 15, optionally 16 mm. The segment diameter may be from 4 to 6, optionally 8, optionally 15, optionally 17, optionally 22 mm. The segment length may be less than 8 mm, optionally from 3 to 7, optionally from 3 to 6, optionally from 3 to 4, optionally from 4 to 5 mm.

In some cases the diameter of the bristles is from 0.001 to 0.005 inches. The bristles may be from 0.001 to 0.002, optionally 0.002 to 0.003, optionally 0.002 to 0.004 inches. The stem may comprise a wire having a diameter of from 0.003 to 0.012 inches. The wire diameter may be 0.004, optionally 0.006 to 0.008, optionally 0.008 to 0.010, optionally 0.008 to 0.012 inches.

In one embodiment at least some of the segments are spaced-apart to define a gap therebetween.

The length of the gap between adjacent segments may be from 1 mm to 10 mm, optionally from 2 mm to 6 mm, optionally from 3 mm to 4 mm.

In one embodiment the embolisation device comprises a first group of bristles and a second group of bristles, the second group of bristles extending radially outwardly from the stem in the deployed configuration to a radial extent which is at least 1 mm, optionally at least 2 mm, optionally at least 3 mm, optionally at least 4 mm, optionally at least 5 mm more than the radial extent of the first group of bristles.

The second group of bristles may be provided at a proximal end of the device and/or at a distal end of the device.

In some embodiments at least some of the bristles are of a shape memory material such as Nitinol.

In one embodiment the device includes a flow restrictor having a contracted delivery configuration and an expanded deployed configuration. A flow restrictor may be located at a proximal end of the device and/or at a distal end of the device. The flow restrictor may comprise a membrane. At least some of the bristles urge the flow restrictor into the deployed configuration and/or the delivery configuration. In some cases the flow restrictor is at least partially self expandable on movement between the delivery configuration and the deployed configuration. The membrane may be impermeable. Alternatively the membrane comprises openings such as radially extending slots. In some cases the flow restrictor comprises a plurality of sections. The sections of the flow restrictor may be spaced-apart along a longitudinal axis of the device. In some cases the flow restrictor sections are of different diameters. The flow restrictor sections may be overlapped. At least a portion of the flow restrictor may be located between bristles on both sides of the restrictor. In some cases the flow restrictor in the deployed configuration extends from the stem to a radial extent which is less than that of the bristles. The flow restrictor may be of wind sock geometry and may have a distally facing opening. The flow restrictor may be of balloon geometry. In some cases sealing means is provided along the peripheral edge(s) of the flow restrictor.

In one embodiment at least some of the segments have loops and adjacent loops are interconnected to provide articulation between adjacent segments. In one case a suture or monofilament material which is less stiff than the stem is used to connect brush segments, providing improved flexibility and articulation. A spring connection may be provided between individual brush segments. The device may have means to limit the maximum length of the device. In some cases the device comprises a ring to connect bristle brushes with looped ends. In one embodiment the device comprises a wire or string connection, of a lower stiffness than the bristle brush stem to accommodate bending of the device. In one case looped ends of the bristle brush stem are connected by a connector element. In one case a wire/string element is woven between a twisted wire stem of the bristle brush segment, the wire/string element being more flexible than the stem and emerging from the end of a bristle brush segment to connect to an adjacent bristle brush segment and wherein a gap between adjacent bristle brush segments enables the wire/string element to accommodate deformations. In one embodiment a thread type connection is provided between adjacent loops of bristle brush segments. The device may comprise an elastic tube mounted to two adjacent bristle brush segments to facilitate articulation between adjacent bristle brush segments. Adjacent bristle brush segments may be connected by a braid. In one case adjacent bristle brush segments are connected by a slotted tube, the slots being openable under a bending load to accommodate articulation between segments.

In one embodiment there are at least two different groups of bristles. In one case the bristles of one group have a thickness which is different than the thickness of bristles of another group. Alternatively or additionally one group of bristles is of a different material than the material of another group of bristles. Alternatively or additionally one group of bristles is more flexible than another group of bristles. Alternatively or additionally one group of bristles are interspersed with another group of bristles. Alternatively or additionally one group of bristles are adapted for anchoring the bristle device in a body lumen. An anchoring group of bristles may be provided at the proximal and/or distal end of the device. In some cases one group of bristles are adapted for occlusion of a lumen. The occlusion group of bristles may be located intermediate the proximal and distal ends of the bristle device. Some of the occluding group of bristles may be interspersed with the anchoring group of bristles so that the number of occluding bristles increases from the distal end towards the proximal end of the device. In one embodiment some of the anchoring groups of bristles are interspersed with the occluding group of bristles so that the number of anchoring bristles decreases from the distal end towards the proximal end of the device. In one case one group of bristles extend radially outwardly to one diameter and another group of bristles extend radially outwardly to another diameter which is different than the diameter of the first group of bristles. One group of bristles may be aligned differently than another group of bristles.

In one embodiment at least some of the bristles are adapted for delivery of a therapeutic agent. The agent delivery bristles are at least partially coated with a therapeutic agent. Alternatively or additionally at least some of the bristles contain a therapeutic agent. In one case the bristles comprise striations and/or holes for containing a therapeutic agent.

In one aspect the invention provides an embolisation bristle device for promoting clot formation in a body lumen comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly of the stem to anchor the device in a lumen, the device comprising a plurality of segments, each of which comprises a plurality of bristles, and wherein at least some of the segments are spaced apart to define spaces therebetween to accommodate bending of the bristles. This aspect may have some or all of the features mentioned above and later in this specification.

The invention also provides a loading system for an embolisation bristle device comprising a stem and a plurality of bristles extending outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly of the stem to anchor the device in a lumen, the bristles, on deployment being oriented towards one longitudinal direction. The loading system may be for deployment in a vein wherein, on deployment, the ends of the bristles are directed towards the heart to prevent migration. Alternatively the loading system may be for deployment in an artery wherein, on deployment, the ends of the bristles are directed away from the heart to prevent migration. The loading system may comprise a loading tube having a distal end which can be connected to a guide catheter. The loading system may comprise a loading wire which is releasable attachable to the distal end of the bristle device. The loading system may comprise a delivery wire which can attach to the proximal end of the bristle device for pushing the bristle device through the loading tube and into a guide catheter for delivery to a target vessel site. A distal end of the bristle device may be connectable to the loading wire. A proximal end of the bristle device may be connectable to the delivery wire. In one case the distal end of the bristle device and the end of the loading wire has a loop and hook configuration for interconnection. In one case the proximal end of the bristle device has a threaded end. In some cases both the proximal and distal ends of the bristle device are threaded.

Also provided is an embolisation bristle device loading system comprising a bristle device for delivery into a body lumen; a loading tube; and a loading element for loading the bristle device into the loading tube. In one case the loading element is detachably mountable to the bristle device. The loading element may comprise a loading wire. The embolisation bristle device loading system may comprise a delivery catheter for receiving the bristle device from the loading tube. The loading element may be adapted for loading the bristle device from the loading tube into the delivery catheter. The loading element may be adapted for deploying the bristle device from the delivery catheter. The embolisation bristle device loading system may comprise a taper or a funnel to aid loading of the bristle device into the loading tube and/or the delivery catheter. The taper or funnel may comprise an extension of the loading tube.

In one embodiment the loading tube comprises means for re-orientating at least some of the bristles of the bristle device as the bristle device is passing through the loading tube. In one case the re-orientation means comprises at least one hole in the wall of the loading tube through which the bristles may temporarily extend radially outwardly for transition from a first configuration in which the bristles are aligned at a first angle to the longitudinal axis of the loading tube and a second configuration in which the bristles are aligned at a second angle to the longitudinal axis of the loading tube. In the second configuration the bristles may extend generally in an opposite direction to the orientation of the bristles in the first configuration. In one case the re-orientation means comprises at least one slot in the wall of the loading tube.

Also provided is a method for loading an embolisation bristle device into a delivery catheter comprising the steps of providing a bristle device, a loading tube and a loading element; using the loading element, delivering the bristle device into the loading tube; and using the loading element, delivering the bristle device into a delivery catheter.

The method may comprise deploying the bristle device from the delivery catheter using the loading element. The loading element is releasably mountable to the bristle device and the method comprises mounting the loading element to the bristle device for loading the bristle device into the loading tube and/or for loading the bristle device into the delivery catheter and/or for deploying the bristle device from the delivery catheter, and/or for retrieving a deployed bristle device. In one case after delivery of the bristle device into the loading tube and/or into the delivery catheter and/or after deployment of the bristle device, the loading element is detached from the loading element. The loading element may be re-attached to the bristle device for retrieval of the bristle device.

In a further aspect the invention provides an embolisation device for promoting clot formation in a lumen comprising a stem and a bundle of flexible bristles extending outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly from the stem to anchor the device in a lumen, the bundle of bristles in the deployed configuration having a diameter, a length and a bristle density defined by the number of bristles in the bundle and wherein the bristle density is from 100 to 1000 per centimetre of segment length, the bundle diameter is from 3 to 24 mm, and wherein the longitudinal length of the bundle is less than 8 mm. The device may comprise a flow restrictor at a proximal end of the device and/or at a distal end of the device. In one case the flow restrictor comprises a membrane which has a contracted delivery configuration and an expanded deployed configuration. This aspect may have some or all of the features mentioned above and later in the specification.

According to the invention there is provided a bristle device for delivery into a body lumen comprising a longitudinally extending stem and a plurality of bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem wherein there are at least two different groups or types of bristles.

In one embodiment bristles of one group have a thickness which is different than the thickness of bristles of another group.

In one case one group of bristles is of a different material than the material of another group of bristles.

One group of bristles may be more flexible than another group of bristles.

In one embodiment one group of bristles are interspersed with another group of bristles.

In one case one group of bristles are adapted for anchoring the bristle device in a body lumen. An anchoring group of bristles may be provided at the proximal and/or distal end of the device.

In one embodiment one group of bristles are adapted for occlusion of a lumen. The occlusion group of bristles may be located intermediate the proximal and distal ends of the bristle device.

In one case at least some of the occluding group of bristles are interspersed with the anchoring group of bristles so that the number of occluding bristles increases from the distal end towards the proximal end of the device.

In one embodiment some of the anchoring groups of bristles are interspersed with the occluding group of bristles so that the number of anchoring bristles decreases from the distal end towards the proximal end of the device.

In one case one group of bristles extend radially outwardly to one diameter and another group of bristles extend radially outwardly to another diameter which is different than the diameter of the first group of bristles.

According to a further aspect of the invention one group of bristles are aligned differently than another group of bristles.

At least some of the bristles may be adapted for delivery of a therapeutic agent. The agent delivery bristles may be at least partially coated with a therapeutic agent. Alternatively or additionally at least some of the bristles contain a therapeutic agent. In one case the bristles comprise striations and/or holes for containing a therapeutic agent.

In another aspect the invention provides a bristle device loading system comprising:

-   -   a bristle device for delivery into a body lumen;     -   a loading tube; and     -   a loading element for loading the bristle device into the         loading tube.

In one embodiment the loading element is detachably mountable to the bristle device.

In one case the loading element comprises a loading wire.

The system may comprise a delivery catheter for receiving the bristle device from the loading tube. The loading element may be adapted for loading the bristle device from the loading tube into the delivery catheter. The loading element may also be adapted for deploying the bristle device from the delivery catheter.

In one embodiment the system comprises a taper or a funnel to aid loading of the bristle device into the loading tube and/or the delivery catheter.

In one case the taper or funnel comprises an extension of the loading tube.

In one embodiment the loading tube comprises means for re-orientating at least some of the bristles of the bristle device as the bristle device is passing through the loading tube.

The re-orientation means may comprise at least one hole in the wall of the loading tube through which the bristles may temporarily extend radially outwardly for transition from a first configuration in which the bristles are aligned at a first angle to the longitudinal axis of the loading tube and a second configuration in which the bristles are aligned at a second angle to the longitudinal axis of the loading tube. In one case, in the second configuration the bristles extend generally in an opposite direction to the orientation of the bristles in the first configuration.

The re-orientation means may comprise at least one slot in the wall of the loading tube.

In a further aspect the invention provides a method for loading a bristle device into a delivery catheter comprising the steps of:

-   -   providing a bristle device, a loading tube and a loading         element;     -   using the loading element, delivering the bristle device into         the loading tube; and     -   using the loading element, delivering the bristle device into a         delivery catheter.

The method may comprise deploying the bristle device from the delivery catheter using the loading element.

In one case the loading element is releasably mountable to the bristle device and the method comprises mounting the loading element to the bristle device for loading the bristle device into the loading tube and/or for loading the bristle device into the delivery catheter and/or for deploying the bristle device from the delivery catheter, and/or for retrieving a deployed bristle device.

In one case after delivery of the bristle device into the loading tube and/or into the delivery catheter and/or after deployment of the bristle device, the loading element is detached from the loading element.

In one embodiment the loading element is re-attached to the bristle device for retrieval of the bristle device.

The invention also provides a bristle device which confirms to a vessel lumen. The bristle device in this embodiment has a larger diameter than the target vessel but the bristles do not deliver sufficient force to perforate the vessel.

The invention further provides a bristle device which, when implanted imposes a greater resistance to flow in the axial direction compared to the radial (lateral) direction.

In another aspect the invention provides the use of a bristle device to cause vascular occlusion for the treatment of hemorrhoids.

The invention also provides a bristle device for delivery into a body lumen comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem wherein the device comprises a plurality of segments, each of which comprises a plurality of bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem, and wherein at least some of the segments are spaced apart to define spaces therebetween to accommodate bending of the bristles.

This bending of the bristles enables the device to be deformed into a collapsed condition, so that the diameter in the collapsed condition is smaller than would be the case if such spaces were not present between the segments.

The invention further provides a bristle device for delivery into a body lumen comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem wherein the device comprises a plurality of bristle segments, each of which comprises a plurality of bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem, and wherein the device comprises flexible sections between at least some of the bristle segments.

In one case the stem comprises flexible sections between the bristle segments.

In some embodiments the flexible sections articulate. The flexible sections may articulate to enable the device to pass through a catheter place in a tortuous anatomy, to enable the device to be deployed in a curved vessel and/or to enable the device to be deployed across a bifurcation. The flexible sections also enable the device to accommodate bending during physiological loading and thereby preventing fracturing.

In one case at least some of the segments have loops and adjacent loops are interconnected to provide articulation between adjacent segments.

The stem may be constructed from wires twisted together and a region of increased flexibility is provided by discontinuing one of the wires, thus decreasing the stiffness between adjacent bristle segments.

In one embodiment a suture or monofilament material which is less stiff than the stem is used to connect brush segments, providing improved flexibility and articulation. The suture may be connected to the bristle segments using a hypotube. The hypotube may be attached to the stem and suture by crimping.

In another embodiment a spring connection is provided between individual brush segments. This spring may be configured such that in the unloaded configuration it cannot compress

In another case the spring is configured to compress or elongate to facilitate adjustment of the device length during deployment.

In one embodiment the device has a limiter to limit the maximum length of the device.

In one case the maximum extension of a spring-like connection is limited by the inclusion of a tension wire, which is connected to each segment of the bristle brush.

In another embodiment the spring may be configured such that the total device length may be reduced but not increased.

In one case the device comprises a ring to connect bristle brushes with looped ends. The ring may be of relatively stiff to provide a hinge type joint. The ring may be relatively flexible such that the ring flexes during bending of the device.

In one embodiment a wire or string connection, of a lower stiffness than the bristle brush stem, is used to accommodate bending of the device.

In one case looped ends of the bristle brush stem are connected by a connector element.

In one embodiment a wire/string element is woven between a twisted wire stem of the bristle brush segment, the wire/string element being more flexible than the stem and emerging from the end of a bristle brush segment to connect to an adjacent bristle brush segment and wherein a gap between adjacent bristle brush segments enables the wire/string element to accommodate deformations.

In one case a thread type connection is provided between adjacent loops of bristle brush segments.

In one embodiment an elastic tube is mounted to two adjacent bristle brush segments to facilitate articulation between adjacent bristle brush segments.

In one case the elastic tube has an inner diameter which is smaller than the outer diameter of the bristle brush stem.

In another case the elastic tube is of a heat shrinkable material, which when subject to heat reduces its diameter to adhere to the stem of adjacent brush segments.

Adjacent bristle brush segments may be connected by a braid.

Adjacent bristle brush segments may be connected by a slotted tube, the slots being openable under a bending load to accommodate articulation between segments.

In a one embodiment at least some of the segments are spaced apart to define spaces therebetween to accommodate bending of the bristles.

In another aspect the invention provides a loading system for a bristle device comprising a stem and a plurality of bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem, the bristles, on deployment being oriented at least in part in one longitudinal direction.

For deployment in a vein, on deployment, the ends of the bristles are directed towards the heart to prevent migration.

For deployment in an artery, on deployment, the ends of the bristles are directed away from the heart to prevent migration.

In one embodiment the loading system comprises a loading tube having a distal end which can be connected to a guide catheter.

The loading system may comprise a loading wire which is releasable attachable to the distal end of the bristle device.

The loading system may comprise a delivery wire which can attach to the proximal end of the bristle device for pushing the bristle device through the loading tube and into a guide catheter for delivery to a target vessel site.

In one case a distal end of the bristle device is connectable to the loading wire.

Alternatively or additionally a proximal end of the bristle device is connectable to the delivery wire.

In one case the distal end of the bristle device and the end of the loading wire has a loop and hook configuration for interconnection.

In one embodiment the proximal end of the bristle device may have a threaded end.

In another embodiment both the proximal and distal ends of the bristle device are threaded.

According to one aspect there is provided an embolization device, comprising:

-   -   a proximal segment;     -   a distal segment, each of the proximal and distal segments         including         -   a stem, and         -   a plurality of anchoring bristles extending outwardly from             the stem, wherein the distal segments includes more bristles             than the proximal segment; and         -   a flow restricting membrane.

In another aspect there is provided an embolization device, comprising:

-   -   a proximal segment;     -   a distal segment, each of the proximal and distal segments         including         -   a stem, and         -   a plurality of anchoring bristles extending outwardly from             the stem; and         -   a flow restricting membrane located on the proximal segment.

In a further aspect there is provided an embolization device, comprising:

-   -   a proximal segment;     -   a distal segment, each of the proximal and distal segments         including         -   a stem, and         -   a plurality of anchoring bristles extending outwardly from             the stem; and         -   a flow restricting membrane located longitudinally within             the bristles of one of said segments.

In another aspect there is provided an embolization device, comprising:

-   -   a proximal segment;     -   a distal segment, each of the proximal and distal segments         including         -   a stem, and         -   a plurality of anchoring bristles extending outwardly and             circumferentially from the stem; and     -   a flow restricting membrane extending from the stem and having         an outer dimension less than an outer dimension of the plurality         of anchoring bristles of the proximal segment.

In a further aspect there is provided an embolization system, comprising:

-   -   a delivery catheter; and     -   an embolization device having a loaded configuration when the         device is loaded in the delivery catheter, and a delivered         configuration when the device is urged out from the catheter,         the embolization device further including         -   a proximal segment;         -   a distal segment, each of the proximal and distal segments             including a stem, and         -   a plurality of anchoring bristles extending outwardly from             the stem, the bristles of the proximal segment being             deflected in a first direction in the loaded configuration,             and the bristles of the distal segment being deflected in a             second direction in the loaded configuration, the first             direction being opposite the second direction; and         -   a flow restricting membrane deflected in the first direction             in the loaded configuration.

According to the invention there is also provided an embolisation device for promoting clot formation in a lumen comprising at least two segments, each segment comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly from the stem to anchor the device in a lumen wherein, in the deployed configuration bristles of one segment extend partially in a first longitudinal direction and the bristles of another segment extend partially in a second longitudinal direction which is opposite to the first longitudinal direction.

In one embodiment in the contracted delivery configuration the bristles of one segment extend partially in a first longitudinal direction and the bristles of another segment extend partially in a second longitudinal direction which is opposite to the first longitudinal direction.

In one case the device includes a flow restrictor having a contracted delivery configuration and an expanded deployed configuration. The flow restrictor may be located adjacent to a proximal end of the device. The flow restrictor may be located within or adjacent to the most proximal segment. Alternatively or additionally the flow restrictor is located adjacent to the distal end of the device. The flow restrictor may be located within or adjacent to the most distal segment.

In one embodiment the flow restrictor comprises a membrane.

In one case a flow restricting membrane is located longitudinally within the bristles of the proximal segment and/or the distal segment. The flow restricting membrane may extend from the stem. The flow restricting membrane may have an outer dimension which is less than an outer dimension of the plurality of anchoring bristles. The flow restricting membrane may be connected to the stem. In some cases the flow restricting membrane may have a central hole. The central hole in the membrane is preferably smaller than the stem on which it is mounted. The central hole in the membrane may have a diameter which is smaller than the diameter of the stem.

In one case wherein the central hole adapts its shape and dimension at least in part to the shape and dimensions of a cross section of the stem. The central hole may be stretched during mounting in order to fit the stem.

In one embodiment there is an interference fit between the central hole and the stem.

In one case the bristles in an unconstrained configuration extend to a radial extent which is greater than the radial extent of the membrane in the unconstrained configuration. In the constrained configuration, the membrane may have a longitudinal extent. In the deployed configuration, the membrane may have a conical or cup-like shape.

In one embodiment the flow restrictor is of a flexible material. The flow restrictor may be of a polymeric material. The flow restrictor may be of an elastomeric material. The flow restrictor may comprise a film.

In one embodiment the flow restrictor comprises a shape memory material such as Nitinol.

In one case the device comprises connectors between the segments. A proximal connection between the most proximal segment and the segment adjacent to the proximal segment may be relatively stiff. The proximal connection may incorporate or comprise a marker band.

In one embodiment the embolization device comprises only a single proximal segment and a single distal segment. The proximal segment and the distal segment in one case are mounted on a single common stem.

In one embodiment the stem of the proximal segment and the stem of the distal segment form parts of the same continuous stem.

In one embodiment the device comprises a distal marker which is located on the distal side adjacent to the most distal segment.

In one case the device comprises a proximal marker which is located on the proximal side adjacent to the most proximal marker.

In one embodiment the device comprises at least one further segment between a distal segment and a proximal segment. There may be a plurality of further segment between a distal segment and a proximal segment. The connections between at least some of the further segments may comprise hinges to facilitate relative movement between the further segments.

In one embodiment a proximal end of the device is adapted for releasable connection with a delivery means such as a delivery wire or tube. There may be a connector for connection to the delivery wire. The connector may be hingedly movable relative to the most proximal segment.

In another aspect the invention provides an embolisation device for promoting clot formation in a lumen comprising at least two segments, each segment comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly from the stem to anchor the device in a lumen, wherein the device includes a flow restrictor having a contracted delivery configuration and an expanded unrestrained configuration.

In one case the flow restrictor is located adjacent to a proximal end of the device. The flow restrictor may be located within or adjacent to the most proximal segment. Alternatively or additionally the flow restrictor is located adjacent to the distal end of the device. The flow restrictor may be located within or adjacent to the most distal segment.

In one embodiment the flow restrictor comprises a membrane. The bristles in an unconstrained configuration may extend to a radial extent which is greater than the radial extent of the membrane in the unconstrained configuration. In the constrained configuration, the membrane may have a longitudinal extent. In the deployed configuration, the membrane may have a conical or cup-like shape.

In one case the flow restrictor may be of a flexible material. The flow restrictor may be of a polymeric material. The flow restrictor may be of an elastomeric material.

In one embodiment the flow restrictor comprises a film. The flow restrictor may comprise a shape memory material such as Nitinol.

In a further aspect the invention provides an embolisation device for promoting clot formation in a lumen comprising at least two segments, each segment comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly from the stem to anchor the device in a lumen, comprising a proximal bristle segment and at least one distal bristle segment, a proximal marker proximal the most proximal segment, a distal marker distal of the most distal segment and an intermediate marker between the most proximal segment and the segment which is adjacent to the most proximal segment.

The invention also provides an embolisation device for promoting clot formation in a lumen comprising at least two segments, each segment comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles which extend radially outwardly of the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend generally radially outwardly of the stem, the bristles comprising distal bristles in a distal bristle segment and proximal bristles in a proximal segment and wherein there are differences between at least some of the distal bristles and at least some of the proximal bristles.

In one case the device comprises at least one intermediate segment between the proximal segment and the distal segment, the intermediate segment comprising intermediate bristles and wherein there are differences between the intermediate bristles and either or both of the proximal bristles and the distal bristles.

In one embodiment the differences comprise a difference in radial extent.

At least some of the bristles in the proximal segment may be tapered proximally or distally. Alternatively or additionally, at least some of the bristles in the distal segment are tapered proximally or distally. Alternatively or additionally, the device comprises at least one intermediate segment and at least some of the bristles in the intermediate section are tapered proximally or directly.

In some embodiments at least some adjacent bristle segments are longitudinally spaced-apart.

In one case the differences comprise differences in properties such as flexibility.

The number of distal bristles may be different from the number of proximal bristles.

In some embodiments at least some of the bristle segments are of non-circular profile in the deployed configuration.

The invention also provides an embolization device of the invention and a delivery catheter. In one case the delivery catheter is a microcatheter.

Also provided is an embolisation system comprising:

-   -   an embolisation device having a plurality of bristle segments         having a contracted delivery configuration and an expanded         deployed configuration;     -   a connector at a proximal end of the embolisation device;     -   and a delivery element which is releasable connected to the         connector for delivery of the embolisation device into the         expanded deployed configuration.

The connector may be configured to facilitate movement between the delivery element and the embolisation device. The connector may be hingedly mounted to the embolisation device.

In one case the system further comprises a delivery catheter in which the embolisation device is retained in the retracted configuration.

Also provided is an embolization device comprising:

-   -   a proximal segment;     -   a distal segment; and     -   a flow restricting member, each of the proximal and distal         segments including a stem and a plurality of anchoring bristles         extending outwardly from the stem.

The flow restrictor may comprise a membrane. The flow restricting membrane may be located on the proximal segment. The flow restricting membrane may be located on the distal segment.

In one case a flow restricting membrane is located longitudinally within the bristles of the proximal segment and/or the distal segment. The flow restricting membrane may extend from the stem. The flow restricting membrane may have an outer dimension which is less than an outer dimension of the plurality of anchoring bristles. The flow restricting membrane may be connected to the stem. In some cases the flow restricting membrane may have a central hole. The central hole in the membrane is preferably smaller than the stem on which it is mounted. The central hole in the membrane may have a diameter which is smaller than the diameter of the stem.

In one case wherein the central hole adapts its shape and dimension at least in part to the shape and dimensions of a cross section of the stem. The central hole may be stretched during mounting in order to fit the stem.

In one embodiment there is an interference fit between the central hole and the stem.

In one case the flow restricting membrane is not attached to the plurality of bristles.

The flow restricting membrane may be substantially impermeable.

The flow restricting membrane may have a contracted delivery configuration and an expanded deployed configuration. In the constrained configuration, the flow restricting membrane may have a longitudinal extent. In the deployed configuration the flow restricting membrane may have a conical or cup-like shape.

The flow restrictor may be of a flexible material. The flow restrictor may be of a polymeric material. The flow restrictor may be of an elastomeric material. The flow restrictor may comprise a film.

In one case the flow restricting membrane is more flexible than the bristles adjacent to it.

In one embodiment the distal segment includes more bristles than the proximal segment.

The diameter of the bristles in the distal segment may be greater than the diameter of the bristles in the proximal segment.

In one case the stem of the proximal segment is mounted to the stem of the distal segment. The stem of the proximal segment may be substantially rigidly mounted to the stem of the distal segment.

The embolization device in some cases further comprises at least one radiopaque marker. There may be a radiopaque marker adjacent to a distal segment and/or a radiopaque marker adjacent to the proximal segment and/or a radiopaque marker intermediate the proximal and distal segments.

In one embodiment the device comprises a proximal connector for releasable connection to a delivery element. The proximal connector may comprise a stem portion. The connector stem may be coupled to the proximal segment stem. The connector stem may be hingedly mounted to the proximal segment stem. The connector stem may have a mounting feature for engagement with a mounting feature of a delivery element. The connector mounting feature may comprise a screw thread.

In one embodiment the embolization device comprises only a single proximal segment and a single distal segment. The proximal segment and the distal segment in one case are mounted on a single common stem.

In one embodiment the stem of the proximal segment and the stem of the distal segment form parts of the same continuous stem.

The embolization device may comprise at least one further segment between the distal segment and the proximal segment. There may be a plurality of further segment between a distal segment and a proximal segment. The connections between at least some of the further segments may comprise a hinge to facilitate relative movement between the further segments. The connection between some of the segments intermediate the proximal segment and the distal segment may be relatively rigid.

In one case the proximal segment comprises from 40 to 150 bristles, in one case 60 to 150, optionally 70 to 110, optionally about 90, in another case 50 to 110, optionally 70 to 90, optionally about 80, in another case 40 to 100, optionally 40 to 75, optionally 40 to 60.

In one case the distal segment comprises from 40 to 180 bristles, in one case 70 to 180, optionally 100 to 150, optionally about 125, in another case 50 to 130, optionally 80 to 100, optionally about 90, in another case 40 to 80, optionally 40 to 60.

Also provided is method for manufacturing an embolization device comprising the steps of:

-   -   providing a bristle segment having a plurality of bristles         extending outwardly of the stem;     -   providing a bristle manipulating tool;     -   manipulating at least some of the bristles so that the bristles         are aligned with the stem;     -   mounting a flow restrictor membrane between the bristles; and     -   releasing the bristles from the manipulating tool.

The method may comprise the step of mounting the membrane on the stem of the bristle segment.

In one case the membrane comprises a central hole which is smaller than the diameter of the bristle stem and the method comprises engaging the stem in the hole of the membrane.

In one embodiment the central hole adapts its shape and dimension at least in part to the shape and dimensions of a cross section of the stem. The central hole may be stretched during mounting in order to fit the stem.

In one case there is an interference fit between the central hole and the stem.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be more clearly understood from the following description of an embodiment thereof, given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a bristle device according to the invention with two types of bristles having different diameters;

FIG. 2 illustrates the device of FIG. 1 loaded into a tube;

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate bristles of different diameters;

FIGS. 5 to 8 illustrate bristle devices with bristles of different diameters;

FIG. 9 illustrates a bristle device with two types of bristles (dashed, continuous, interspersed and evenly distributed);

FIG. 10 illustrates the uniform anchoring force applied by the device of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 illustrates a bristle device in which two different types of bristles are used;

FIG. 12 illustrates the variation in the anchoring force applied by the device of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 illustrates another bristle device with a gradual variation in bristle density;

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating the variation in the force applied by the device of FIG. 13;

FIGS. 15 and 16 are illustrations of another bristle device of the invention in collapsed and unconstrained configurations;

FIGS. 17a to 17c illustrate the effect of time in the collapsed condition on unconstrained geometry of a bristle device, when deployed;

FIGS. 18 to 24 illustrate a bristle device loading system according to the invention in various configurations of use;

FIGS. 25 and 26 illustrate a tapered loading tube;

FIGS. 27 and 28 illustrate differing bristle orientations with respect to flow;

FIGS. 29 and 30 show a loading tube with a re-orientation feature according to the invention;

FIGS. 31 to 33 illustrate the loading tube of FIGS. 29, 30, in use;

FIG. 34 shows a bristle device with bristles pointing in opposed directions;

FIG. 35 illustrates vessel perforation by portion of a bristle device;

FIG. 36 illustrates a bristle device with flexible fibres for vessel conformance;

FIGS. 37 to 39 illustrate alternative bristle devices with geometries to conform with particular vessel shapes;

FIG. 40 illustrates deformation of a vessel by a bristle device;

FIG. 41 illustrates a bristle device with length and diameter attributed;

FIG. 42 shows the negative effect of a low length to diameter ratio;

FIG. 43 illustrates a bristle device with a high length to diameter ratio;

FIG. 44 illustrates a bristle device with distal anchoring fibres;

FIG. 45 shows the use of longer bristles at the ends acting as stabilisers;

FIG. 46 illustrates a bristle device with stabilisers on both ends;

FIGS. 47 to 49 illustrate a delivery system having a slot detachment mechanism;

FIGS. 50 to 52 illustrate a bristle device with another detachment feature;

FIGS. 53, 54 and FIGS. 55, 56 illustrate bristle devices with further detachment features;

FIGS. 57 and 58 illustrate a bristle device with non uniform bristle lengths;

FIGS. 59 and 60 illustrate another bristle device with a curved core and a diameter less than that of the target lumen;

FIGS. 61 and 62 show a further bristle device with a curved core and a diameter greater than that of the target lumen;

FIGS. 63 and 64 show a bristle device with a curved core and variable bristle lengths;

FIGS. 65 and 66 show a bristle device with bristles pointing inwardly from a retaining wire;

FIG. 67 illustrates the effect of core diameter on flexibility;

FIG. 68 shows a bristle device with flexible sections and application to bifurcated vessels;

FIG. 69 illustrates the control of fluid using a bristle device;

FIGS. 70 to 72 illustrate the uses of bristle devices;

FIG. 73 are typical patterns of contact caused by coils;

FIGS. 74 and 75 illustrate the effect of oversizing on surface area divided by a bristle device;

FIG. 76 illustrates the impact of bristle density on vessel damage;

FIG. 77 illustrates a denudation technique using a bristle device;

FIGS. 78 to 81 illustrate bristle devices for use in treatment of a septal defect;

FIGS. 82 to 85 illustrate steps in deployment of the devices of FIGS. 78 to 81;

FIGS. 86 and 87 illustrate a bristle device with length modifying components;

FIG. 88 illustrates deployment of the device of FIGS. 86, 87;

FIG. 89 shows a bristle device with a loosely wound core;

FIG. 90 shows techniques of pushing a delivery catheter to decrease adjustable sections between bristle segments;

FIG. 91 illustrates bristle devices with a through flow path;

FIG. 92 depicts the flow path in a twisted bristle device;

FIG. 93 illustrates overlapping bristle sections to inhibit flow;

FIG. 94 shows another bristle device with fibres that increase in volume;

FIG. 95 illustrates a bristle device with microfibers for improved thromogenicity;

FIG. 96 shows an embolus detaching from a bristle device;

FIG. 97 illustrates a bristle device deployed to treat a cerebral aneurysm;

FIGS. 98 to 100 illustrate bristle devices with gaps to limit clot fragments;

FIGS. 101 to 104 show various bristle tips to prevent vessel perforation upon or after deployment;

FIG. 105 illustrates the assembly of a bristle device to a delivery wire;

FIG. 106 illustrates a bristle device deployed in a lumen;

FIGS. 107 to 109 show various retrieval systems for retrieving a bristle device;

FIGS. 110 to 112 illustrates various degradable bristle devices;

FIG. 113 illustrates the manufacture of a twisted wire bristle device;

FIG. 114 shows a twisted wire device with varying core wire pitch;

FIG. 115 illustrates manufacture of a bristle device from a number of segments;

FIGS. 116 and 117 show another method of manufacture;

FIGS. 118 to 125 illustrate bristle devices with various drug delivery features;

FIGS. 125 and 126 illustrate the use of a bristle device of the invention to treat hemorrhoids;

FIG. 127 is a perspective view of another embolisation device of the invention;

FIGS. 128 and 129 are views of details of the device of FIG. 127;

FIG. 130 is a perspective view of another embolisation device of the invention;

FIG. 131 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 132 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 133 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 134 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 135 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 136 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 137 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 138 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 139 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 140 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 141 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 142 are perspective views of another embolisation device in a straight configuration (a) and a bent configuration (b);

FIG. 143 is a diagram illustrating the optimal orientation of bristles to prevent migration in venous vessels;

FIG. 144 is a diagram illustrating the optimal orientation of bristles to prevent migration in arteries;

FIG. 145 illustrates the attachment of a loading wire to a distal end of an embolisation device of the invention;

FIG. 146 is an enlarged view of the connection at the distal end of the device;

FIG. 147 illustrates the attachment of a delivery wire to a proximal end of the embolisation device;

FIG. 148 is an enlarged exploded view of the connection at the proximal end of the device;

FIGS. 149 to 153 illustrate loading, delivery and deployment in an artery;

FIGS. 154 to 158 illustrate loading, delivery and deployment in a vein;

FIGS. 159 to 166 illustrate various configurations of anchoring segments and occluding segments;

FIGS. 167 and 168 illustrate tapering of fibre length;

FIG. 169 illustrates fibres which are shape set;

FIGS. 170 to 177 illustrate various embolisation devices in different locations of use;

FIG. 178 illustrates delivery of a number of segments from a catheter;

FIGS. 179 to 181 illustrate offsetting of the stem core;

FIGS. 182 and 183 illustrate the use of the device to prevent backflow of particles delivered during particle embolisation;

FIGS. 184 to 186 illustrate steps in one method for using the device;

FIGS. 187 to 190 illustrate one method of joining segments together;

FIGS. 191 to 200 illustrate various embolisation devices incorporating a flow restrictor;

FIG. 201 schematically illustrates electrospinning to position the microfibers;

FIGS. 202 and 203 illustrate the effect of using small diameter and large diameter fibres;

FIG. 204 is an illustration of an embolisation device of the invention;

FIGS. 205 to 208 are diagrams illustrating steps in an embolisation procedure using a device of the invention;

FIG. 209 is a side view of two connected segments of an embolisation device, in an unconstrained state, according to the invention;

FIG. 210 is an oblique view of proximal segment of the device of FIG. 209;

FIG. 211 illustrates the collapsed configuration of two segments in a catheter, one pointing distally and the other proximally;

FIG. 212 shows the deployed configuration of a device with a proximally pointing proximal segment, a membrane, and a distally pointing distal segment;

FIG. 213 is a schematic of the flow direction (closed arrows) entering a membrane in the deployed configuration and its effect which facilitates the seal against the vessel wall;

FIG. 214 shows the configuration of two distally pointing segments (proximal and distal segments) in the collapsed state;

FIG. 215 shows the configuration of two distally pointing segments (proximal and distal segments) in the deployed state;

FIG. 216 illustrates an unstable device, with poor co-linearity with the vessel centre line which may allow flow to pass through;

FIGS. 217a and 217b shows the dimensions of the device in the undeployed state (a) and the vessel diameter definition (b);

FIG. 218 illustrates a device with two bristle segments pointing in opposing directions on the same stem;

FIG. 219 illustrates a device with two bristle segments in opposing directions, sharing the same stem and without a gap in between;

FIG. 220 (a) to (c) illustrates a marking system and the location of markers during different stages of delivery and deployment;

FIGS. 221 (a) and (b) shows a connection comprising a thread mechanism utilising a twisted wire stem as a natural male thread—in this schematic a formed hypotube is used as the female thread;

FIG. 222 shows a connection comprising a thread mechanism in which a hypotube is attached to a delivery wire and detachable from the twisted wire mechanism by a thread mechanism on the hypotube;

FIG. 223 (a) illustrates an embolisation device in a fully expanded unrestrained configuration and FIG. 223 (b) in a deployed configuration;

FIG. 223 (c) is an exploded view of an embolization device;

FIGS. 224 (a) and (b) are views similar to FIG. 223 of another embolisation device;

FIGS. 225 (a) and (b) are views similar to FIG. 223 of a further embolisation device;

FIGS. 226 (a) and (b) are views similar to FIG. 223 of a still further embolisation device;

FIG. 227 is a view of a device of the invention in a packaged configuration ready for use;

FIG. 228 is an enlarged view of a loading tube of FIG. 227;

FIG. 228 (a) is an enlarged view of a distal end of another loading tube;

FIG. 229 is an isometric view of an embolisation device according to the invention;

FIG. 230 is an elevational view of an embolisation device of the invention;

FIG. 231 is an isometric view of the device of FIG. 230;

FIGS. 232 (a) to (d) illustrate the delivery and deployment of the device of FIGS. 230 and 231;

FIG. 233 is an isometric view of a further embolisation device according to the invention;

FIGS. 234 (a) and (b) illustrate configurations of another embolisation device;

FIG. 235 is an elevational view of portion of a further embolisation device;

FIGS. 236 (a) to (c) illustrate the deployment of an embolisation device;

FIG. 237 is an enlarged view of portion of an embolisation device in a deployed configuration;

FIG. 238 a to r illustrates a range of geometries for embolisation devices according to the invention;

FIGS. 239 (a) and (b) illustrate an embolisation device with a low profile;

FIG. 240 illustrates another embolisation device according to the invention;

FIG. 241 illustrates another embolisation device according to the invention;

FIG. 242 illustrates a further embolisation device including a flow blocking member;

FIG. 243 illustrates further embolisation devices according to the invention;

FIG. 244 is a diagram of a two segment embolization device bridging an aneurysm;

FIG. 245 is a diagram of a multi segment embolization device bridging a large aneurysm; and

FIG. 246 is a diagram of an embolization device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to the drawings and initially to FIGS. 1 to 8 thereof there is illustrated a bristle device for delivery into a body lumen. The bristle device comprises a longitudinally extending stem 1 and a plurality of bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem. In the invention there are at least two different groups or types of bristles.

In one case a prosthesis with two or more bristle fibre diameters is provided to ensure a low profile for the device when loaded in the catheter 5, and with sufficient anchor force to prevent migration. Smaller diameter fibre bristles 2 are intended primarily to promote and enhance thrombogenicity, while larger diameter fibre bristles 3 are intended primarily to anchor the device in the lumen to prevent migration.

Lumen occlusion occurs due to thrombogenicity of the device, which is a function of its surface area and its ability to cause stasis. For a given volume of fibre material, many small fibres 2 can be more efficiently fitted into a catheter than few larger fibres 3.

Similarly, small fibres 2 are more thrombogenic per unit volume than larger fibres 3; as for a given volume of fibre material, there will be a greater amount of surface area for multiple small diameter fibres, than a few large diameter fibres.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a bristle device 6 with low diameter fibres 2. This enables the device to be collapsed to a low diameter, φ₁. FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate a prosthesis 7 with larger diameter fibres 3, which will enhance the migration prevention properties of the prosthesis. The collapsed diameter, φ₂, of this prosthesis is larger than φ₁.

The bristle device of FIGS. 1 and 2 has a combination of both low and high diameter fibres 2, 3. This enables a compromise in profile to a diameter, φ₃, where φ₁<φ₃<φ₂. This approach provides good migration prevention properties (from large diameter fibres 3) combined with good thrombogenicity and low profile (from the smaller diameter fibres 2).

The different bristle types can be of the same or different materials. More than one bristle material could also be used instead of, or in combination with more than one bristle diameter.

FIG. 9 illustrates another bristle device 8 according to the invention which in this case has two different types of bristle interspersed and generally equally distributed along the length of the device. The different types of bristles may be distinguished by their dimensions or material, each contributing separately in terms of anchor force and occlusion. Because of the equal distribution, the anchor force is uniformly distributed along the bristle device length as illustrated in FIG. 10.

Various alternative arrangements of different types or groups of bristles may be provided.

For example, FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate a bristle device 9, of length L, in which two different types of bristle are used: one for the middle section 10 and one for the ends 11, 12. In this case, the bristles at the ends of the device have a higher diameter. These bristles are intended to anchor the prosthesis within the lumen. The middle section contains a higher density of bristles with a lower diameter, and is intended to cause more interference with blood flow along with more surface contact with the blood and consequently, occlusion of the lumen.

FIG. 13 illustrates a bristle device 15, which has two different types of bristle. In this case the bristles with better properties for anchoring the device in the lumen are more densely located on the left hand side of the bristle device and taper off towards the right hand side of the device where the density of the bristles of the second type of bristles is higher. This would be advantageous in a high flow scenario requiring extremely large number of small diameter bristles to cause occlusion. By having the anchoring bristles at the end only, the other end could contain the extremely high number of lower diameter bristles required to cause occlusion, without compromising profile. Because of the distribution, the anchor force is distributed along the bristle device length as illustrated in FIG. 14.

A bristle device 16 when manufactured has an unconstrained geometry as illustrated in FIG. 15, which is the desired shape. In order to be delivered through a catheter the bristle device must spend some time in a collapsed condition in a catheter 17 as illustrated in FIG. 16.

Storage of a device in a collapsed condition can lead to shape-setting of a bristle device, particularly if the bristles are constructed from a polymer. Specifically, once the bristle device is deployed from the catheter it may not return fully to its original shape. Shape-setting refers to any change in shape, which is caused due to storage a catheter for a prolonged period. In general, the longer the period of storage the greater the degree of shape setting is likely to be. This is shown schematically in FIGS. 17a to 17 c.

To counteract this problem, in the invention a loading system is provided. The loading system comprises a loading tube 20. The purpose of the loading tube 20 is to allow the clinician to collapse a bristle device 25 for delivery through a delivery catheter 26 immediately before for (temporary or permanent) implantation in a lumen. In this way the bristle device 25 will not spend a substantial amount of time in the collapsed condition, minimising the potential for shape setting. The loading system also comprises a loading element such as a wire 21 for loading the bristle device 25 into the loading tube 20.

The bristle device can be delivered through any suitable delivery catheter 26. The steps for use of the loading system are as follows:

-   -   i. Bring bristle device 25 and delivery wire 21 in contact (FIG.         18)     -   ii. Screw the delivery wire 21 into the prosthesis 25 (FIG. 19)     -   iii. Using the delivery wire 21, pull the bristle device 25 into         the loading tube 20 (FIG. 20)     -   iv. Connect the loading tube 20 to a delivery catheter 26 (FIG.         21)     -   v. Push the bristle device 25 into the delivery catheter 26         using the delivery wire 21 (FIG. 22)     -   vi. Once the tip of the bristle device 25 is at the tip of the         catheter 26 (located at the distal point of the vessel intended         for implantation), holding the delivery wire 21 still, retract         the delivery catheter 26 to deploy the bristle device 25 (FIG.         23)     -   vii. Once satisfied with the position of the device 25, unscrew         the delivery wire 21 from the bristle device 25 to detach (FIG.         24)

Referring to FIGS. 25 and 26, in another embodiment, a loading tube 36 of tapered geometry will allow the user to crimp down the bristle device 25 to the collapsed state as it is pushed via the delivery wire into the catheter for delivery to a vessel.

Referring now to FIG. 27 there is illustrated a bristle device 37 with a diameter larger than the lumen, deployed such that the bristles point along the direction of flow within the lumen. FIG. 28 shows a schematic in which a prosthesis 38 is deployed with the bristles pointing the opposite direction of the flow.

The force of the flow against the prosthesis could cause it to migrate. If the direction of flow (force) is opposite to the direction in which the bristles point along the lumen, the force required to move the device will be smaller than the case in which the direction of the flow (force) is the same as the direction along which the bristles point in the lumen. This is due to the interaction of the tips of the bristles with the vessel wall and the resulting friction—the tips of the bristles help anchor the prosthesis in the lumen if any movement of the device begins to occur.

As the direction of action of the flow may not always be predictable, it may be preferable to ensure that, when deployed, the bristle device has some bristles oriented in one direction, and other bristles oriented in the opposite direction. A physician may wish to use different approaches to deploy the device, which may or may not lead to a desirable bristle direction with respect to the flow direction.

When a bristle device is pulled into a loading tube 20 to be pushed into a delivery catheter 26, its bristles are aligned within the loading tube such that they point distally when in the catheter. This means that all bristles will point one direction when the prosthesis is deployed. As explained above, this means that the device will have lower force to migration in one direction than the other.

In one embodiment of the invention a loading tube is provided which is configured to reorient at least some of the bristles while the bristle device is being pushed into the delivery catheter.

Referring to FIGS. 29 to 34 in one case a loading tube 40 contains reorientation slots 41 which allow the bristles to spring out while the bristle device 25 is being pushed into the delivery catheter 26. Subsequently, as these bristles encounter the end of the slot 41 while the device is being pushed into the delivery catheter 26, they are forced to collapse and realign, pointing in the opposite direction to the direction they had originally pointed. The loading tube may be adapted to include a means to open or close the hole depending on the wishes of the physician to change or not change the orientation of the bristles.

Ideally an embolisation device should interact with the entire surface area of the target lumen. This has multiple benefits:

-   -   Assists denudation of the endothelium of the lumen wall, which         is known to aid in lumen embolisation.     -   Occludes the lumen along its entire length and cross sectional         area thereby preventing recanalization via a collateral or         side-branch into the target lumen.     -   Leads to a permanent occlusion thus reducing the risk of         surgical failure and the requirement for a repeat procedure.     -   Greater interaction with the vessel wall helps lock the implant         in position thereby reducing the risk of implant migration.

Removing or damaging the endothelium has a critical role to play in the clotting cascade within a lumen. When the endothelium is removed, the normally isolated, underlying collagen is exposed to circulating platelets, which bind directly to collagen, which is released from the endothelium and from platelets; leading to the formation of a thrombus. If the device does not provide adequate lumen conformance and coverage then recanalization can occur. This coverage should be maximised not only in terms of vessel cross section but also vessel wall area also. In spermatic vein occlusion, a liquid (e.g. sclerosant, which has greater lumen conformance and coverage capabilities than coils) results in higher technical success and lower recanalization rates than coils alone [8]. However, damage to the endothelium should be done without causing vessel perforation. This could lead to catastrophic events such as internal bleeding. This is shown schematically in FIG. 35.

In another aspect of the invention a bristle device is provided which has a larger unconstrained diameter than the target vessel and which incorporates bristles which are flexible enough to conform to the vessel anatomy and which will not cause vessel perforation i.e. delivery force to the vessel wall is not sufficient to perforate.

FIG. 36 shows a prosthesis 50 for deployment in a lumen 51 with a varying lumen diameter. When deployed in a lumen with a varying diameter, the device can conform to the variations in the lumen diameter without causing lumen perforation. This is due to the flexibility of the fibres of the prosthesis which, while providing an anchor within the lumen, are not too stiff to perforate the lumen.

The potential for the fibres to perforate the vessel is dependent primarily on the fibre material, fibre diameter and the surface area of contact between the fibre and the vessel wall. A fibre with a low stiffness may have the potential to perforate the vessel if its stiffness is high enough due to a large diameter (and potentially a sharp bristle tip).

The fibres may be of a radiopaque material to enable the physician to visualise the device using x-ray.

Material Diameter Less Than: Nitinol <0.015 Platinum <0.015 Stainless Steel <0.015 Polyester <0.015 PTFE <0.01 Nylon (Polyamide) <0.015 Polypropylene <0.015 PEEK <0.015 Polyimide <0.015 Pebax <0.015 Polyurethane <0.015 Silicone <0.015 FEP <0.015 Polyolefin <0.015

FIGS. 37 to 39 illustrate various embodiments in which lumens with non-uniform diameters may be treated using a prosthesis which has conforming geometries. FIG. 37 shows a “dog-bone” shaped prosthesis 55. FIG. 38 shows a tapered prosthesis 56 suitable for a tapered lumen. FIG. 39 shows a prosthesis 57 suitable for a lumen with a step-change in diameter.

Referring to FIG. 40 in another embodiment a bristle device 58 in which at least some of the bristles are stiffer and impose the geometry of the bristle device on the vessel wall. This occurs because the diameter of the bristle device is larger than that of the target vessel.

A Method to Treat Hemorrhoids

Background

Hemorrhoids, often described as “varicose veins of the anus and rectum,” are a common condition in which the veins lining the anus or lower rectum become swollen and inflamed.

Hemorrhoids are varicosities of the hemorrhoidal plexus (rectal venous plexus). This plexus communicates with the uterovaginal plexus and drains, via the rectal veins, into the internal pudendal vein and internal iliac vein. Although the exact cause of hemorrhoids remains unknown, standing too long in an upright position exerts pressure on the rectal veins, which often causes them to bulge.

There are two types of hemorrhoids: external and internal, which refer to their location. External hemorrhoids develop under the skin around the anus; if a blood clot develops in one of them (in a condition known as thrombosed external hemorrhoids), a painful swelling may occur. External hemorrhoids are characteristically hard and sensitive, and bleed upon rupture. Internal hemorrhoids are sac-like protrusions that develop inside the rectal canal. Painless bleeding and protrusion during bowel movements are the most common symptoms of internal hemorrhoids; however, they may cause severe pain if they become completely prolapsed, or protrude from the anal opening.

Hemorrhoidectomy, the surgical removal of hemorrhoids, is recommended for third- and fourth-degree internal hemorrhoids (with or without external hemorrhoids). The two major types of hemorrhoidectomy operations are the closed (Ferguson) hemorrhoidectomy and the open (Milligan-Morgan) hemorrhoidectomy. Both techniques are performed using a variety of surgical devices, including surgical scalpel, monopolar cauterization, bipolar energy, and ultrasonic devices.

Complications associated with Hemorrhoidectomy include [17]:

-   -   Urinary retention following hemorrhoidectomy is observed in as         many as 30 percent of patients     -   Urinary tract infection develops in approximately 5 percent of         patients after anorectal surgery     -   Delayed hemorrhage, probably due to sloughing of the primary         clot, develops in 1 to 2 percent of patients; it usually occurs         7 to 16 days postoperatively. No specific treatment is effective         for preventing this complication, which usually requires a         return to the operating room for suture ligation.     -   Fecal impaction after a hemorrhoidectomy is associated with         postoperative pain and opiate use. Most surgeons recommend         stimulant laxatives, stool softeners, and bulk fiber to prevent         this problem. Should impaction develop, manual disimpaction with         anesthesia may be required.

An alternative to hemorrhoidectomy is stapled hemorrhoidopexy, in which an intraluminal circular stapling device resects and resets the internal hemorrhoid tissues. When the stapler is fired, it creates a circular fixation of all tissues within the purse string to the rectal wall. In effect, it will draw up and suspend the prolapsed internal hemorrhoid tissue.

This procedure is best utilized when offered to patients with significant prolapse, such as those with grade II, grade III, or IV internal hemorrhoids. This procedure does not effectively treat most external hemorrhoids, and often requires separate excision of the external component when performed on patients with combined disease.

Neither procedure is effective at inducing long-term relief. In a randomized trial of stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus hemorrhoidectomy, the procedures were equally effective in preventing recurrence after one year [18]. Patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy were more likely to have symptomatic relief from the hemorrhoids (69 versus 44 percent with hemorrhoidopexy), but had significantly greater postoperative pain [18].

It has been demonstrated that embolisation of the internal iliac veins removes reflux from hemorrhoidal plexus. Some diminishment and/or disappearance of hemorrhoids has been associated with embolisation of refluxing pelvic and internal iliac veins (16). Technical success of embolisation of the internal iliac or hypogastric veins has been reported to be 85% [9,10].

In the clinical literature, caution has been advised when embolising the internal iliac vein tributaries where there is clinically significant communication with veins of the lower limb; as this communication between the obturator and the common femoral veins increases the risk of coil migration and displacement into a deep vein [5]. Displacement into a deep vein can have serious consequences if the coil led to a deep vein thrombosis [5]. Accordingly, a safe and effective device is still required for embolisation of the internal iliac veins for the treatment of hemorrhoids.

In one aspect of the invention a method for the treatment of hemorrhoids is proposed in which a bristle device is implanted in the internal iliac, or hemorrhoidal veins to cause permanent occlusion. This occlusion will prevent venous reflux to the hemorrhoidal plexus, which causes hemorrhoids.

FIG. 125 is a schematic showing the venous anatomy relating to the presence of a hemorrhoid (detailed view of cross section of anus). The broken arrows show direction of venous reflux through internal iliac veins leading to varicosities off the hemorrhoidal plexus, causing hemorrhoids.

FIG. 126 illustrates the insertion of bristle devices in internal iliac veins has arrested refluxing flow to the hemorrhoidal veins and caused the hemorrhoid to disappear.

FIG. 41 shows a bristle device 60 with a length, L, and a diameter, φ. The stability of the device during and after deployment from a catheter is dependent upon the ratio of these quantities with respect to the vessel diameter. Ideally, the bristle device should have a diameter greater than or equal to the target lumen, and a length to diameter ration, L/φ, of 1.0 or greater.

FIG. 42 shows a bristle device 61 with a ratio L/φ<1 deployed in a lumen. The prosthesis has become unstable during, or after, deployment and consequently now lies at an angle to the long axis of the lumen. Due to a L/φ ratio<1 the device could migrate, recanalise or damage the lumen wall.

The low length to diameter ratio also means that the prosthesis could “pop” out of the catheter making it difficult to deploy accurately to the target site.

FIG. 43 shows a bristle device 62 according to the invention with L/φ>1.0. In this case the prosthesis is correctly aligned, is stable and is unlikely to migrate or cause damage to the lumen wall.

Referring now to FIGS. 44 and 45 in this case a bristle device 63 has longer bristles at the distal end (the end which will be deployed first from the catheter). These longer bristles are intended to act as “stabilisers” upon initial partial deployment of the prosthesis. The longer bristles extend distally along the vessel wall providing and anchor, ensuring the prosthesis cannot “pop” forward from delivery catheter upon completion of deployment.

The prosthesis may have stabilising bristles 65 at one or both ends of a prosthesis 64 as illustrated ion FIG. 46.

FIG. 47 shows a bristle device 71 in the collapsed configuration within a delivery catheter 72. A slot mechanism 70 is incorporated to enable detachment once the device is fully deployed. The slot detachment mechanism 70 may be radiopaque to enable the physician to establish the position of the mechanism with respect to the catheter tip. FIG. 48 shows the bristle partially deployed. In this configuration the slot detachment mechanism is still engaged since the bristle device cannot move off the axis of the delivery catheter and wire. Accordingly the physician may still retract the bristle device at this point. FIG. 49 shows the bristle device in the deployed configuration. Since the bristle device has exited the catheter it is not constrained to remain on the same axis of the delivery wire and becomes disengaged from the delivery wire.

In another embodiment, and referring to FIGS. 50 to 52 a delivery wire with a normally open grasping mechanism 75 illustrated. The grasping mechanism is designed to fit snugly around a ball end or lip 76 on a bristle device 77. This mechanism 75 will always be open if not constrained by the catheter wall. Once the bristle device has been pushed out of catheter, the grasping mechanism 75 pops open detaching the bristle device. Until this point the device can be retracted. Equally this type of mechanism could be used to retrieve the detached bristle device by forcing the normally mechanism closed as it is retracted into the catheter.

FIG. 52 illustrates a bristle device with ball features 76 on both ends.

FIGS. 53 and 54 show a bristle device with a hook type mechanism 80 for detachment and retrieval. The bristle device may have a hook at one, or both ends. To ensure that lumen perforation cannot occur, the hook end does not project towards the lumen wall, but towards the bristle portion of the device instead.

FIGS. 55 and 56 show a bristle device with a loop type mechanism 81 for detachment and retrieval. The bristle device can have a retrieval mechanism at one, or both ends. In this embodiment, the retrieval loop is created by forming the end of the twisted wire of the bristle burn.

FIG. 57 shows a bristle device 85 with non-uniform bristle lengths about the circumference and along the device length. Variations in the bristle length will reduce the potential for bristle device migration. FIG. 58 shows the device of FIG. 57 deployed in a lumen.

-   -   Shorter bristles are less likely to buckle and can therefore         transmit a greater load to the lumen wall, increasing the radial         or “anchor” force of the device in the lumen, particularly         within non-uniform lumen diameters.     -   Imposition of undulations, roughness and non-uniformity in the         lumen wall will increase the resistance to migration of the         device due to increased friction.

FIG. 59 shows a bristle device 87 with a curved core or stem. In a preferred embodiment the core is helical, and the diameter of the helix is less than the diameter of the lumen. This configuration forces the bristles against the lumen wall, such that the radial force of the bristle device is not dependent on the outward force of the length and diameter of the bristles alone, but also on the distance subtended by the core to the lumen wall. This will increase the anchor force locally and cause undulations/roughness in the lumen wall increasing the resistance to migration. FIG. 60 shows the bristle device 87 deployed within the lumen.

FIGS. 61 and 62 illustrate a bristle device 88 in which a core wire is curved and the external diameter of the core is greater than that of the lumen. This configuration forces both the bristles and the core wire against the lumen wall. In this case the radial force of the bristle device is a combination of both bristle and core, but is dominated by outward force of the core.

FIGS. 63 and 64 illustrate a bristle device 89 with a curved core and non-uniform bristle length. In this configuration, the bristle device is configured such that the bristle device has a curved core, and variable bristle lengths about the circumference and along the length.

FIGS. 65 and 66 illustrate another embodiment of a bristle device 90 in which all bristles point inward from a retaining wire. In this case the device is anchored entirely by the core/retaining wire.

To enable the physician to deliver the bristle device through tortuous anatomy it must be flexible. This also enables the bristle device to conform to tortuous anatomy once implanted. The flexibility of the prosthesis is defined, primarily, by properties of the core to which the bristles are attached. The flexibility of the core is a function not only of the amount of material in the core, but also its distribution, and material (lower modulus means greater flexibility).

There are certain clinical indications where the optimal clinical outcome would be to simultaneously embolise a vessel and an adjoining, diverging division.

Such a clinical situation is the prophylactic embolisation to prevent type II endoleak pre-endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Type II endoleaks can be identified during angiography by the presence of contrast travelling from a peripherally catheterized vessel into the excluded aneurysm sac. The objective when embolising pre-EVAR is permanent occlusion of the internal iliac artery proximal to its bifurcation to ensure that there is complete occlusion before proceeding to EVAR, as any leak will cause reoccurrence of the issue. Using an angled, adjacent vessel to anchor a portion of the device while deploying the majority of the same device in the larger vessel would provide an anchor for the device, preventing future migration.

Additionally, the internal iliac vein bifurcates into anterior and posterior divisions, which supply pelvic organs as well as the gluteal muscles. It is frequently necessary to embolise one of the anterior or posterior divisions as well as the internal iliac vein. The same approach as described previously would be advantageous; embolising the adjacent tributary while retracting the remainder of the device to occlude the higher order vessel.

A bristle device, which has the flexibility to be deployed across bifurcating vessels, may be preferable in these instances.

FIG. 67 illustrates two device prostheses of the same length with different core wire diameters, φ₁ and φ₂, where φ1>φ₂. Note: it is assumed that the core is approximately of circular cross section. One end of the prostheses is fixed and a load, P, is applied to the opposite end causing deflection of the prosthesis. The deflection of the larger diameter device, U1, is much smaller than that of the lower diameter device (U2).

Considering a bristle device with a stainless steel core constructed from twisted wire, its diameter should preferably be constructed from twisted wires of diameter 0.02 inches or less. Otherwise it may not be possible to track the device to the target vessel for deployment.

In other embodiments, the flexibility of the device could be improved by having flexible sections 95 between device sections 96 as shown in FIG. 68. Bending within the device is taken up, primarily, by the flexible sections, which can articulate to enable it to pass through a catheter placed in tortuous anatomy, or to be deployed in a curved vessel, or across a bifurcation. In this case the bristle device has flexible sections for articulation

Directional control of fluids (e.g. contrast media for angiographic visualization, sclerosant for vessel embolisation) cannot be achieved with today's embolisation technology. Currently the physician has limited control over fluid dispersion. The current technique involves flushing the fluid through the lumen of a catheter proximal to the target location.

This is of significant relevance in male and female varicocele embolisation. A varicocele is a varicose dilation of the pampiniform plexus that drains the testicle and epididymis. The pampiniform plexus drains into the internal spermatic vein. Additional small veins drain into saphenous, external iliac, and internal iliac systems.

For specific embolisation procedures e.g. varicocele, additional coils must be deployed in the cephalad portion of a vessel to ensure that that the coils occlude the main branch and all accessible collaterals [7]. To minimize the risk of recurrence, it is often necessary to isolate the most distal (caudal) segment of the target vessel from any potential collateral supply. An alternative to coils is to use an occlusion balloon.

Furthermore in some patients, collateral parallel channels must be selectively catheterized and occluded, either with coils, scleroscant, glue or other embolic agents. When using sclerosants, the intention is to destroy the endothelium to expose subendothelial tissues that in turn will lead to irreversible vascular fibrosis. For certain embolisation procedures, e.g. varicocele, if the scleroscant migrates too distally adverse effects can occur e.g. approximately 10% of males develop testicular phlebitis [8].

The sclerosant effect largely depends on a) the time it is in contact with the endothelium and b) the volume and rate of injection [8]. Controlling these variables significantly influence the outcome and also the propensity to damage adjacent non-target vessels.

This proximal migration of the fluid is often referred to as reflux. In some cases, this fluid may contain a drug, sclerosant, fibrin, thrombin, glue, alcohol, beads, or drug coated beads. The physician may require accurate delivery of these agents to prevent non-target therapy.

In the invention a bristle device may be used to prevent proximal migration of a fluid during delivery using a catheter.

When implanted, a bristle device causes a resistance to flow through the device. Similarly, the construction of the device itself means that flow is initiated within the device itself, the flow will have a lower resistance laterally than axially, and will be inclined to fill up any available space outside of the device rather than travel axially through the device itself. Consider the following steps in order to inject a fluid into a vessel, wherein the direction of the flow is controlled using a bristle device.

-   -   1. A bristle device is deployed distal to the location in which         it is intended to deliver the fluid     -   2. The bristle device is crossed using a catheter such the tip         of the catheter resides on the distal side of the bristle         device.     -   3. The fluid is injected through the catheter tip. It is         prevented from migrating through the bristle device and will         fill any vessels distal to the device.

FIG. 69 illustrates a bristle device 97 in use to prevent proximal migration of a fluid during delivery using a catheter.

In another embodiment, without the presence of individual bristle segments, the path of least resistance for flow is still laterally. This is because the density of bristles laterally is lower than that proximally and distally. Accordingly, the flow will naturally be laterally from the catheter tip. This enables treatment of a collateral vessel and is shown schematically in FIG. 71. FIG. 71 illustrates the use of a bristle device 98 to ensure lateral dispersion of a fluid. Note: Section A-A shows a much higher density of fibres meaning flow will have a higher resistance in this direction (axially) compared to laterally (Section B-B).

The presence of these gaps between the brush segments is also a means to reduce the profile of the bristle device when constrained for placement in a catheter. This is because effect of bristles lying on top of one another, increasing profile is limited.

Referring to FIG. 72 in another embodiment, to further improve the ability of a bristle device 99 to prevent longitudinally flow (ensure lateral dispersion of a fluid), bristles with a rectangular cross section 100 are illustrated. The bristles are aligned such that the long axis of the bristle is perpendicular to the centreline of the main vessel. These bristles mean that the path of least resistance is laterally rather than distally or proximally. This can be observed by viewing Section A-A and B-B in FIG. 72. Clearly, it will be easier for a fluid to pass through B-B than A-A due to the geometry of the bristles.

A blood vessel wall is composed of three layers. The innermost layer is called the endothelium and is merely a layer of endothelial cells. The middle and outer layers are known as the medial and adventitial layers respectively.

It has been shown that denudation, or damage to the endothelial lining of a blood vessel can induce vasospasm, and inflammatory reactions leading to vessel occlusion. Removing or damaging the endothelium has a critical role to play in the clotting cascade within a vessel. When the endothelium is removed, the normally isolated, underlying collagen is exposed to circulating platelets, which bind directly to collagen, which is released from the endothelium and from platelets; leading to the formation of a thrombus.

Preferably, in order to induce the greatest damage to the endothelium, a bristle device should have a large number of fibres in contact with the lumen wall per unit surface area. Embolisation coils do not cause significant denudation to the vessel wall as the degree of wall contact is minimal. This can be seen in FIG. 73.

In order for a bristle device 101 to cause significant denudation of a vessel wall it should have a greater diameter than the vessel in which it is implanted. This ensures a larger contact area between fibres and the vessel wall as shown in FIGS. 74 and 75.

Similarly, a greater number of fibres in contact with the vessel wall will have a greater impact in causing denudation and inducing embolisation. This is shown schematically in FIG. 76. This can be expressed in terms of the bristle length or area in contact with the vessel wall, per unit surface area of the vessel wall.

In some embodiments of the invention we provide

-   -   a bristle device for embolisation with a device diameter to         vessel diameter ratio of 1.1 or greater and/or     -   a bristle device a minimum length of bristle of 1 mm in contact         with a vessel surface area of 2 mm² and/or     -   a minimum of 0.1% of the vessel surface area in contact with the         bristle device fibres.

In another embodiment, the bristle device could be used for denudation of the vessel wall by advancing, retracting and rotating the bristle device at the site of treatment. Once denudation is complete, the prosthesis can be left behind to promote permanent occlusion. FIG. 77 is a schematic showing denudation of the endothelium using translation and rotation of a bristle device 105. This “polishing” action will help strip the endothelial cells from the vessel and enhance the potential for vaso-occlusion. Once complete the prosthesis can be detached from the delivery wire and left in place.

The bristle devices of the invention are also suitable for the treatment of septal defects and patent foramen ovale.

Emboli leading to stroke or to transient ischemic attack can originate in either the systemic venous circulation (paradoxical emboli) or in the systemic arterial circulation. Some patients with cryptogenic stroke have a patent foramen ovale (PFO), an atrial septal defect (ASD), or an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) that can be identified by echocardiography. These structures have been implicated in the pathogenesis of embolic events, leading to stroke.

Paradoxical emboli: a paradoxical embolus originates in the systemic venous circulation and enters the systemic arterial circulation through a PFO, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, or extracardiac communication such as a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation [10]. The embolus can originate in veins of the lower extremities, in pelvic veins, in an atrial septal aneurysm, or from a clot around the edges of a PFO [10]. Patients with paradoxical emboli can present with cryptogenic stroke.

PFO and ASD: The foramen ovale and its flap-like valve between the right and left atrium are important components of the fetal circulation. In the developing fetus, oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein enters the right atrium via the inferior vena cava and is shunted into the left atrium, circumventing the non-inflated lungs. After birth, a relative increase in left atrial pressure closes the flap, and adhesions frequently result in a structurally intact atrial septum. However, in approximately 25 percent of adults, the foramen ovale remains patent and acts as a potential right-to-left shunt [10].

The closure devices commonly used for percutaneous PFO repair include occluders made of two wire mesh discs filled with polyester fabric. The device is folded into a special delivery catheter, advanced into the heart and through the defect. When the catheter is in the proper position, the device slowly is pushed out of the catheter until the discs of the device sit on each side of the defect, like a sandwich. The two discs are linked together by a short connecting waist. Over time, heart tissue grows over the implant, and it becomes part of the heart.

Complications associated with trans-catheter closure of a PFO/ASD include device embolisation or malposition, arrhythmias (usually atrial but include sudden death), and device erosion/perforation [11].

Referring to FIG. 78 a bristle device 110 suitable for occlusion septal defects of a patent foramen ovale is shown. The bristle device comprises at least two distinct device sections, which are connected via a core. Referring to FIG. 79, the device 110 is shown in a tilted configuration highlighting the flexibility of the device. This flexibility will enable the device to conform to the anatomy of the patient, and will ensure good trackability of the device during delivery. The bristle device 110 can be used for septal defect and PFO occlusion. FIGS. 78 and 79 show a septal defect or PFO device 110 which can articulate/bend depending on the target anatomy.

FIGS. 80 and 81 illustrate a septal occlusion device 115, which can stretch depending on the target anatomy (thickness of the septal wall).

Referring to FIGS. 82 to 85 the implantation of the device 110 or 115 is illustrated. In FIG. 82 a catheter is shown advanced through the right atrium via the inferior vena cava. In FIG. 83 a segment of the device is shown partially deployed. This first segment will provide an anchor on the left atrium side of the patent foramen ovale. FIG. 84 illustrates one segment of the bristle device fully deployed within the left atrium. FIG. 85 illustrates the bristle device fully deployed.

Current technology foreshortens significantly upon deployment into a vessel, between 30-50%, this intended approach attempts to ensure that the pre-shaped coil snaps into its set shape when deployed into a vessel and adheres to the vessel wall [13].

With the exception of glue, which is occasionally used, there is no technology on the market today that does not use this approach.

Therefore it is difficult to embolise the entire length of a large vessel (>10 cm) with technology available today as complete vessel occlusion cannot be achieved and is cost prohibitive.

Additionally there is no product on the market today that can accommodate variable lengths peri-procedurally. This would be advantageous for three reasons:

-   -   Significantly reduce inventory requirements and range of         products to be manufactured     -   Allows the physician to precisely occlude the portion of the         vessel that requires occlusion     -   Allows a physician to occlude a bifurcation, feeder vessel or         tributary that may contribute towards recanalization

FIGS. 86 and 87 illustrate a bristle device 120 with length modifying components 121 that can be extended or retracted intraluminally to adjust the device to the requirements of the target vessel

FIG. 88 illustrates deployment of a first bristle bundle into the lumen of the target vessel. Also illustrated is a technique of retracting delivery catheter to extend adjustable section between bristle bundles.

FIG. 89 illustrates an alternative embodiment depicting a loosely wound core 125 that accommodates compression of bristle bundles intraluminally.

FIG. 90 illustrates technique of pushing a delivery catheter 126 forward to decrease adjustable sections between bristle bundles.

In order to induce stasis and cause thrombus formation, ideally no through flow path should exist in the prosthesis that permits blood to flow uninhibited from one end to the other. In reality, some flow path may exist which forces the blood to travel a tortuous path past the prosthesis bristles. If a low resistance flow path is present, occlusion may not occur.

For a bristle device, manufactured using a twisted wire approach, the bristles effectively define a helical surface. The negative of this helical surface defines a flow path.

By its nature, a bristle device may have a through flow path as shown in FIG. 91(a). This will cause turbulent flow and force the blood to interact with a greater surface area of the device, inducing thrombus formation and occlusion. A more tortuous path is shown in FIG. 91(b).

FIG. 91 illustrates a bristle device 130 with a through flow path. Path is shown adjacent to the bristle device using the arrow. This path could be described as the inverse of volume of the device. This tortuosity of this flow path is defined by the pitch and radius of the helix, which defines the flow path as shown in FIG. 92.

A longer pitch, p, with a small radius, r, will mean a relatively easy and straight flow path. A short pitch with a large radius will imply a longer tortuous flow path. If a flow path does exist, this should be as tortuous and as long as possible to cause occlusion.

Preferably, for inducing occlusion of a blood vessel, the ratio of the pitch to the radius, p/r, of the flow path should be 50 or less. More preferably, the ratio of the pitch to the radius, p/r, of the flow path should be 10 or less. More preferably, the ratio of the pitch to the radius, p/r, of the flow path should be 1 or less. More preferably, the ratio of the pitch to the radius, p/r, of the flow path should be 0.5 or less.

If a twisted wire manufacturing approach is used, the ratio of the pitch to the radius of the helix should be such that the adjacent bristle sections of a bristle device 140 overlap as shown in FIG. 93.

FIG. 93 illustrates overlapping bristle sections to inhibit flow path through device.

Another means of ensuring overlapping bristles is to form the device using pre-shaped bristles e.g. saw tooth or spiral, which would increase interaction between bristles.

In FIG. 94 a bristle device is shown in which, upon coming in contact with a fluid or blood, the fibres 150 swell up increasing in volume in order to further occlude the lumen in which they reside. This process could be initiated before deployment in the body, or while the bristle device is in its collapsed condition in a catheter/loading tube, as shown in FIG. 94. Similarly, the fibres could be intended to absorb a drug when increasing in volume. This drug would then be delivered to the vessel wall once the bristle device is deployed. FIG. 94 illustrates fibres that increase in volume when in contact with a fluid and or the blood.

In another embodiment, the bristles could have micro fibres 160 in order to increase thrombogenicity and reduce flow path. This is shown schematically in FIG. 95.

Due to adjacent vessel blood flow, an embolus could break away from the clot within the bristle device. The maximum potential size of an embolus which could break away from the bristle device is dictated by the density of the bristles in the device, i.e. the cavities within which thrombus can form in the device. This is defined by the distance between adjacent bristles. Similarly, the ability of the bristle device to cause vessel occlusion can be improved by reducing the distance between adjacent bristles.

Pulmonary Embolism

A common vessel for embolisation is the gonadal vein (for the treatment of varicocele, pelvic vein competence). An embolus could detach from a bristle device, which has been deployed in the proximal portion of a gonadal vein close to the renal vein. This embolus can then travel via the left common iliac vein through the inferior vena cava into the right atrium of the heart. This could potentially travel into the pulmonary arteries causing a pulmonary embolism. In about 5% of people in whom autopsy is done to elucidate the cause of death, pulmonary embolism is unexpectedly found to be the cause. Gardner suggests that the clot size should be limited to 4.5 mm or less using clips in order to prevent a lethal pulmonary embolism [19].

Peripheral Arterial

Ideally any embolus which could break away from the embolisation device is small enough so that it can be thrombolyzed by the body's own defenses and remain clinically asymptomatic. A large embolus could cause tissue ischemia and infarction. In 1989, Kazmier proposed a classification for disseminated peripheral atheroembolisation into three major clinical presentations: peripheral syndrome, renal syndrome, and visceral syndrome [20]. By definition, microemboli represent atheromatous material with a size less than 1 mm. Accordingly the maximum size embolus which can be permitted to break away from the occlusion device should be less than or equal to 1 mm. To ensure this, the maximum dimension between adjacent bristles which define the cavity from which an embolus could break away should be 1 mm or less. An embolus from a bristle device deployed in the internal iliac artery could enter the common iliac and travel distally to the smaller lumens such as the popliteal and tibial or pedal arteries (shown in FIG. 64). A blockage of these lumens can cause ischemia of the foot, a phenomenon known as trash foot. FIG. 96 shows an embolus detaching from a bristle device which has been deployed in the left internal iliac artery.

Cerebral

The effect of an embolus may not be confined to the peripheral circulation. In the case of the cerebral lumens, an embolus of 1 mm or less may not be tolerated, as emboli of this size can cause a stroke. For aneurysm treatment, the maximum acceptable diameter should be lower than 1 mm. For the case of embolic filters, used to capture emboli which occur during carotid stenting, the pore sizes are approximately 0.8 mm in diameter [21]. Accordingly the gap between the bristles in the deployed configuration should be 0.8 mm or less. FIG. 97—shows a bristle device deployed to treat a cerebral aneurysm. An embolus has broken away from the bristle device which could cause stroke.

In the invention, and referring to FIGS. 98 to 100 to prevent pulmonary embolism a bristle device 170, 171, 172 has gaps between adjacent bristles to limit clot fragments to 4.5 mm or less. To prevent potential for peripheral microembolism the bristle device should have gaps between adjacent bristles of 1 mm or less. For the prevention of cerebral infarction events, the bristle device should have gaps between adjacent bristles of 0.8 mm or less.

FIGS. 98 to 100 illustrate gaps between bristles dictate the potential emboli which could detach form the bristle device. A=4.5 mm, B=1.0 mm, C=0.8 mm.

Ideally medical devices that come in contact with a vascular wall or are deployed endovascularly require features that ensure they do not perforate or puncture the vessel wall. Perforations can lead to hematoma and other serious adverse events. It is critical for devices to reduce the risk of internal wall damage. This also provides the clinician with confidence to advance the device against resistance, knowing that the device will not induce trauma. FIGS. 101 to 104 show various bristle tips to prevent vessel perforation upon or after deployment. (i) soft spring 180 (FIG. 101), (ii) soft flexible tips (e.g. made from a polymer) 181 (FIG. 102), (iii) bristles at end of bristle device tied to make an atraumatic end 182 (FIG. 103), (iv) bristles 183 naturally protrude from the end of the device (FIG. 104).

FIGS. 101 to 104 illustrate various embodiments of atraumatic distal and proximal ends designed to prevent vessel wall perforation

During percutaneous endovascular treatment an embolisation coil is typically delivered to a desired location in the vasculature of a patient through the use of a catheterization procedure. In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the vasculature of a patient and positioned to be proximal or distal to the targeted anatomical location. Generally, an embolisation coil is loaded into the lumen of the catheter and advanced through the catheter using a pusher rod until it reaches and exits through the distal end of the catheter.

Unless “detachable” coils are used this device cannot be repositioned or retrieved once deployed. This technique suffers from difficulty associated with the precise and controlled placement of the embolisation coil. Accordingly, there exists a need to develop and provide a system or mechanism for the placement of an embolisation coil into the vasculature of a patient that can be done in a precise and controlled manner, while maintaining cost effectiveness, simplicity, reliability, and manufacturability.

FIG. 105 (a) shows an assembly wherein the bristle device 200 is attached to a delivery wire 201 via a screw mechanism 202. In this assembly detachment is accomplished by unscrewing the delivery wire from the bristle device as shown in FIG. 105 (b).

The interaction of the device, which is constrained radially at least to some extent within the lumen, causes an interference fit. This interference fit occurs due to the propensity of the lumen to try alter (reduce) the diameter of the bristle device, and the propensity of the bristle device to try to alter (increase) the lumen diameter.

The classic relation describing the holding torque of an interference fit assembly using that the assumption that the surfaces have no irregularities and that the contact pressure at the interface is uniformly is distributed, is as follows (Mascle et al., 2011):

T_(holding) αμ_(s)d_(sh)pA

This implies that the holding torque, T_(holding), or torque required to cause a rotation of the bristle device within the lumen is proportional to the coefficient of static friction between the bristle device and the lumen wall, μ_(s), the diameter of the lumen, the interference pressure, p, and the area of contact, A.

This implies that interference pressure is a function of the outward radial force of the device against the pressure. The coefficient of static friction between the bristle device and the lumen wall is a function of the lumen and bristle device materials, their roughness and the topography of the geometry which results when the bristle device is deployed within the lumen.

In order to allow detachment of the bristle device from the delivery wire once it has been deployed in the lumen, the torque to unscrew the delivery wire from the bristle device must not exceed the holding torque of the bristle device in the lumen, i.e. T_(holding)>T_(unscrew). If the holding torque does not exceed the torque required to unscrew the delivery wire from the bristle device, the bristle device will simply rotate within the lumen and detachment may not occur.

FIG. 106 shows a bristle device 210 deployed in a lumen. Section A represents a cross section within the bristle device. Section B represents a cross section at the level of the delivery wire proximal to the detachment mechanisms.

In FIG. 106 (b), the behaviour of the bristle device 210 is shown when no twist is applied to a delivery wire 211 (top). The middle schematic shows the behaviour when some twist is applied to the delivery wire 211 causing the bristle device 210 to rotate within the lumen (undesirable). This occurs because the holding torque of the bristle device does not exceed the torque required to unscrew the bristle device from the delivery wire. In the bottom schematic upon rotation of the delivery wire, no rotation of the device occurs since the holding torque of the bristle device exceeds the torque required.

When coils migrate to unintended locations, they are required to be removed to prevent non-target embolisation, tissue ischemia and/or erosion. In general removal of coils is attempted via a percutaneous endovascular approach, by placing a guiding catheter close to the migrated coils and extracted by using a forceps or gooseneck snare to grasp the coil. Technically, removal of coils is very challenging and can take dozens of attempts with various devices to remove [22].

Complications of coil retrieval are significant and can involve [8]:

-   -   Disturbing the rest of the coil nest and exacerbating the         problem.     -   Damaging other vessels: dissection, occlusion, spasm, rupture of         the vessel caused by manipulation of the retrieval device.     -   Cardiac arrhythmias if the coil has migrated to the heart.     -   Embedding or further distal embolisation of the coil or device

In the invention we provide a bristle device in which the diameter (size) of the core is greater than that of the core of the bristle device. This enables the bristle device to be retrieved easily using a gooseneck or snare type device.

FIG. 107 shows how a retrieval device 220 can easily grasp a bristle device 221 at the screw detachment mechanism. In the top schematic the retrieval device has been deployed from its delivery catheter. In the middle schematic the bristle device detachment mechanism has been grasped in the wire “snare” of the retrieval device and is being retracted into the catheter. The bottom schematic shows the final retraction of the bristle device, now almost entirely in a collapsed condition, into the catheter.

FIG. 108 shows a bristle device 230 with a screw detachment mechanism 231 at both ends. This can be retrieved from a distal or proximal approach.

Migrated coils are generally retrieved using a forceps or a gooseneck snares. These are expensive devices and can significantly add to the procedural cost. It would be advantageous if a coil could be grasped and removed without the necessity to use additional retrieval devices. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 109, the screw detachment mechanism is shaped to guide the delivery wire into the thread to be screwed to the wire and retrieved.

In some cases, it is unnecessary or undesirable to permanently occlude a blood vessel. In these circumstances, using an agent which causes temporary vascular occlusion may be preferable.

Circumstances in which temporary agents may be indicated [8]:

-   -   Pre-operative embolisation: e.g., embolisation of a renal tumor         immediately before resection. In these circumstances, there is         no advantage in permanent obliteration of the tumor circulation         and any non-target embolisation is less likely to be harmful.     -   Trauma: it is usually only necessary to arrest bleeding until a         stable clot forms and the vessel can heal.     -   Upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage.

Temporary embolisation agents are most beneficial when a vessel can safely be sacrificed but permanent occlusion is not necessary (e.g., internal bleeding associated with trauma). Having a biodegradable embolisation device that provide temporary embolisation, relieves the clinical issue, and then safely degrades over a specific time period providing the opportunity for systemic blood flow to be restored would be a significant clinical advancement.

In other circumstances, it may be preferable that once embolisation has occurred, that the device, or a portion of the device, biodegrades meaning that the implant:

1. Has no structural role integrity, and therefore does not interfere with surrounding tissues

2. Is no longer present in the body

In the invention, either the core, or the bristles, or both the bristles and the core could be biodegradable or absorbable.

The biodegradable/absorbable elements of the device may be composed of synthetic polymers (Poly-lactic acid (PLA) and its isomers and copolymers, Poly-glycolic acid [PGA], Poly-caprolactone [PCL], Poly dioxanone, Poly-lactide-co-glycolide) or Magnesium alloys. This is shown in FIGS. 110 to 112.

FIG. 110 (i) a bristle device 250 on implantation, (ii) thrombus formed in the bristle device, (iii) core begins to degrade, (iv) core fully degraded leaving only thrombus interspersed with bristles supporting the thrombus

FIG. 111 (i) a bristle device 260 on implantation, (ii) thrombus formed in the bristle device, (iii) bristles begins to degrade, (iv) bristles fully degraded leaving only thrombus a supporting core

FIG. 112 (i) a bristle device 270 on implantation, (ii) thrombus formed in the bristle device, (iii) core and bristles begin to degrade, (iv) bristle device fully degraded leaving only thrombus within the vessel

A number of methods of manufacture may be used to make the prosthesis. FIG. 113 shows a twisted wire device 280 manufactured using a twisted wire method. The fibres are placed between two parallel wires. These wires are fixed at one end and twisted at the other. Upon twisting the wires are formed into a helix causing the bristles to translate from being parallel to being rotationally offset from one another forming a device like construct.

In another embodiment variations in the bristle density can be achieved by varying the pitch of the twisted wire which the holds the bristles in place. This is shown schematically in FIG. 114. FIG. 114 illustrates a twisted wire device with varying core wire pitch in order to vary the density of the bristles.

FIG. 115 shows a series of individual segments which in this case are extrusions 290, each of which has an array of long elements projecting from the centre. Upon connection of these constructs, a prosthesis 295 suitable for lumen occlusion can be constructed. FIG. 115 illustrates manufacture from a series of device segments, or extrusions.

FIGS. 116 and 117 illustrates a method of manufacture in which the entire device is one piece is by cutting the fibres from a core 300. This could also be constructed by laser cutting the tube and passing and expanding element through the lumen to splay out the fibres.

A bristle device may also be used as a platform for therapeutic delivery. This could be an agent to augment thrombogenicity (sclerosant, fibrin, thrombin, glue, alcohol), or to delivery an oncologic drug to treat a tumour, or a device to aid in radiofrequency ablation. This is shown schematically in FIG. 118. The elution time of such an agent could be seconds, hours, days, or years. The coating could be fluid or solid.

FIGS. 118-119 illustrate delivery of the drug to the vessel wall once a bristle device 320 is in place.

In one embodiment, the device is coated with a drug, or sclerosant, just before being pushed into the catheter (FIG. 120). This drug or sclerosant is then delivered to the vessel wall once it is deployed at the target site. This is shown schematically in FIG. 120. FIG. 120 illustrates flushing of bristle device with a therapeutic prior to being pushed to target vessel. The detailed view shows a coating of the drug on the device fibres following flushing.

The bristles of the bristle device could be further enhanced using striations or holes which can contain a therapeutic. This could increase the volume of therapeutic on the bristle, and to further control its elution over time by restricting the area from which the therapeutic can dissolve, elute.

FIGS. 121 to 123 illustrate bristles that are enhanced using pores, striations or holes to hold drug for elution over time.

The invention also provides a “perfusion bristle device”. This bristle device 350 contains a channel 351 through the centre for flow. As the flow passes the bristles the therapeutic is transferred to the flow, allowing a distal therapy to be delivered. FIG. 124 illustrates the use of a perfusion bristle device for delivery of a drug.

To enable the physician to deliver the bristle device through tortuous anatomy it must be flexible. This also enables the bristle device to conform to tortuous anatomy once implanted. The flexibility of the prosthesis is defined, primarily, by properties of the core to which the bristles are attached. The flexibility of the core is a function not only of the amount of material in the core, but also its distribution, and material (lower modulus means greater flexibility).

There are certain clinical indications where the optimal clinical outcome would be to simultaneously embolise a vessel and an adjoining, diverging division.

Such a clinical situation is the prophylactic embolisation to prevent type II endoleak pre-endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Type II endoleaks can be identified during angiography by the presence of contrast travelling from a peripherally catheterized vessel into the excluded aneurysm sac. The objective when embolising pre-EVAR is permanent occlusion of the internal iliac artery proximal to its bifurcation to ensure that there is complete occlusion before proceeding to EVAR, as any leak will cause reoccurrence of the issue. Using an angled, adjacent vessel to anchor a portion of the device while deploying the majority of the same device in the larger vessel would provide an anchor for the device, preventing future migration.

Additionally, the internal iliac vein bifurcates into anterior and posterior divisions, which supply pelvic organs as well as the gluteal muscles. It is frequently necessary to embolise one of the anterior or posterior divisions as well as the internal iliac vein. The same approach as described previously would be advantageous; embolising the adjacent tributary while retracting the remainder of the device to occlude the higher order vessel.

A bristle device, which has the flexibility to be deployed across bifurcating vessels, may be preferable in these instances.

FIG. 67 illustrates two device prostheses of the same length with different core wire diameters, 100 ₁ and φ₂, where φ1>φ₂. Note: it is assumed that the core is approximately of circular cross section. One end of the prostheses is fixed and a load, P, is applied to the opposite end causing deflection of the prosthesis. The deflection of the larger diameter device, U1, is much smaller than that of the lower diameter device (U2).

Considering a bristle device with a stainless steel core constructed from twisted wire, its diameter should preferably be constructed from twisted wires of diameter 0.02 inches or less. Otherwise it may not be possible to track the device to the target vessel for deployment.

In other embodiments, the flexibility of the device could be improved by having flexible sections 95 between device sections 96 as shown in FIG. 68. Bending within the device is taken up, primarily, by the flexible sections, which can articulate to enable it to pass through a catheter placed in tortuous anatomy, or to be deployed in a curved vessel, or across a bifurcation. In this case the bristle device has flexible sections for articulation.

Because the device is flexible it will not perforate a vessel or cause injury to the patient. A device which is not flexible may cause injury during deployment.

Furthermore, physicians may wish to place a portion of the device in a main vessel, and another portion of the device in a branch as illustrated in FIG. 68. Depending on the angle between the main vessel and the branch of the vessel, the implant is sufficiently flexible to accommodate the anatomy at the location in which it is deployed.

Many vessels in the body undergo significant deflections during normal movement such as when walking or sitting. The embolisation device of the invention has sufficient flexibility and durability such that it will not fracture, or perforate the vessel or neighbouring anatomy during such movements.

The embolisation device may be constructed such that it is extremely flexible. One way to achieve this is by connecting segments of brushes to one another via more flexible sections such as illustrated in FIG. 68. The flexible sections may be introduced as unique parts, or by connecting the segments with connections that provide articulation and/or regions to accommodate bending.

For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 127 to 129, an embolisation device 500 is shown which has loops 501, 502 on adjacent stem segments. The loops 501, 502 are interconnected, such that the device can flex at these connections easily. These connections act as articulating points, at which one bristle segment is hinged to the next. This ensures that bending during movement is easily accommodated without potential for device fracture. In addition such connections ensure that the device cannot substantially elongate or compress during delivery. Referring to FIG. 130, in this case there are flexible connections between shorter stem segments for enhanced bending movement.

FIGS. 127 to 130 illustrate bristle devices for delivery into a body lumen comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem. The device comprises a plurality of segments, each of which comprises a plurality of bristles extending generally radially outwardly from the stem. At least some of the segments are spaced apart to define spaces therebetween to accommodate bending of the bristles. This bending of the bristles enables the device to be deformed into a collapsed condition, so that the diameter in the collapsed condition is smaller than would be the case if such spaces were not present between the segments.

Use of single wire of the stem FIG. 131.

Often a bristle brush stem is constructed from two wires twisted together. A region of increased flexibility can be constructed by discontinuing one of the wires while continuing the other, thus decreasing the stiffness between adjacent brush sections.

Use of single wire of the stem FIG. 132.

In another embodiment, a suture or monofilament material much less stiff than the bristle brush stem may be used to connect brush segments, providing improving flexibility and articulation points. This suture may be connected to the brush segments using a hypotube. This hypo tube may be attached to the bristle brush stem and suture by crimping.

Spring Connection—FIG. 133.

In another embodiment, a spring connection between individual brush segments may be used to improve the flexibility in the device. This spring may be configured such that in the unloaded configuration it cannot compress. This means that the device cannot substantially decrease while being pushed through the catheter.

Alternatively, the spring may be configured such that the spring can compress or elongate, enabling the physician to adjust the total device length as he deploys the device.

Spring With Tension Wire—FIG. 134.

In some instances, it may be desirable to limit the maximum length of the device. The maximum extension of the spring-like connection above could be limited by the inclusion of a tension wire, which is connected to each segment of the bristle brush. The spring enables bending of the flexible connection, while the tension wire prevents elongation of the device when under tensile loading.

In another instance the device the spring may be configured such that the spring can, enabling the physician to reduce, but not increase the total device length.

O-Ring—FIG. 135.

In another configuration a ring may be used to connect bristle brushes with looped ends. This ring may be constructed from a stiff material, enabling a hinge type joint, or a flexible material in which the ring also flexes during bending of the device.

Simple Wire—FIG. 136.

In another configuration, a wire or string connection, of a much lower stiffness than the bristle brush stem may be used. This wire, because of its lower material stiffness, and/or lower diameter will accommodate bending of the device. The wire or string may be connected to the ends of the bristle brush by an adhesive or weld or solder, or it may be crimped in place by the adjacent wires of the stem of the bristle brush segment.

Connector Element Between Loops FIG. 137.

In another embodiment, looped ends of the bristle brush stem may be connected via a connector element. This element is configured such that its arm or arms on one end, can be bent to a configuration enabling them to pass through the loop. These loops return to the unloaded configuration, meaning they cannot pass back through the loop. A similar configuration exists on the other end of the connector, connecting it to the adjacent bristle brush segment with a looped end.

Connector Element Between Loops—FIG. 138.

Another configuration utilises a wire/string element, woven between the twisted wire stem of the bristle brush segment. This wire/string element, which is more flexible than the stem, emerges from the end of the bristle brush segment, and connects to the next bristle brush segment. A gap between the two bristle brush segments enables the wire/string element to accommodate deformations easily.

Suture/Mono-Filament Connection Between Loops—FIG. 139.

A thread type connection may also be made between adjacent loops of bristle brush segments. This thread may be made from a wire, a polymer mono-filament or suture.

Elastomer/Polymer Tube Connections—FIG. 140.

An elastic tube, wherein the inner diameter of the tube is smaller than the outer diameter of the bristle brush stem. When the elastic tube is pushed onto the end of the bristle brush stem, an interference fit occurs, anchoring the elastic tube to the stem. This elastic tube is anchored to two adjacent bristle brush segments, enable articulation between them.

Alternatively, the elastic tube may be a heat shrinkable material, which when subject to heat reduces its diameter to adhere to the stem of the adjacent brush segments.

Braid Connection—FIG. 141.

In another embodiment, a braid may be used to connect the bristle brush segments.

Elastomer/Polymer Tube Connections—FIG. 142.

A slotted tube may also be used to connect the segments. When under a bending load, the slots can open to accommodate the articulation. The slotted tube may be connected to the stem by crimping or welding or soldering.

Migration may be defined as the movement of an implant from its target vessel location to another location in the vasculature. It is a known complication of embolisation procedures. Since the direction load on any device placed in the vasculature is dependent, at least in part, on the direction of blood flow, it is intuitive that a device may be optimised to prevent migration depending on flow direction.

Veins return the blood flow towards the heart, while arteries carry blood away from the heart. This means that a device implanted in a vein is most likely to migrate towards the heart, while a device implanted in an artery is most likely to migrate away from the heart to a more distal vessel.

A bristle brush embolisation device may be deployed such that its bristles are oriented to prevent, in so far as possible, migration in a given direction. For example the optimal bristle direction for a device deployed in a vein, to prevent migration, is such that the ends of the bristles are pointing towards the heart (FIG. 143). This is because each individual bristle ends will interact with the vessel wall, increasing friction, and preventing migration in that direction. The opposite is true for a bristle brush deployed in an artery. In that case, the bristles should point away from the heart (FIG. 144).

In another configuration, some, or a portion of the bristles may point in both directions such that the device is adapted for use in either a vein or artery.

To ensure that the bristles are pointing towards the heart for venous indications, the device can be pushed into a delivery catheter. As the bristle brush is pushed into the catheter, reducing its diameter to a collapsed configuration, the bristles will point proximally. However, manipulation of the device while pushing into a catheter, may cause damage to the device.

To enable the physician to orient the bristles to point towards or away from the heart, the following loading and delivery system may be provided.

The loading system comprises a loading tube 600 having a distal end which can be connected to a guide catheter 601. The loading tube 600 may be adapted to enable flushing of the device.

The loading system may also comprise a loading wire 602, which can be attached to a distal end 615 of the implant, in this case an embolisation device 500. The loading wire 602 has an end with an engagement 620 feature to engage the distal end 615 of the implant using any suitable mechanism such as via a threaded connection 605 or a hook/loop mechanism 610.

A delivery wire 603 having a distal end 60 which can attach to the proximal end 616 of an implant may be used to push the implant through the loading tube 600 into a guide catheter 601 and on to the target vessel site.

The bristle brush embolisation implant 500 may have a distal end 615 which can be connected to the loading wire 602 (for use in venous vessels) and a proximal end 616 which can be connected to a distal end 625 of the delivery wire 603.

Use in Arterial Vessels (FIGS. 149 to 153)

The device 500 may be used in an artery as follows:

The distal end 625 of the delivery wire 603 is attached to the proximal end 616 of the implant 500.

The proximal end of the delivery wire 603 is inserted through the distal end of the loading tube 600 (FIG. 149) and threaded through to the other end of the loading tube 600. The delivery wire 603 is further pulled until the implant 500 is completely within the loading tube 600 (FIG. 150).

The loading tube 600 is connected to the guide catheter 601.

The bristle brush implant 500 is pushed, using the delivery wire 603, into the guide catheter 601 and on to the target vessel 611 (FIG. 151). The implant 500 is deployed by continuing to push on the delivery wire 603 and/or drawing back the catheter 601 as illustrated in FIGS. 152 and 153.

Use in Venous Vessels (FIGS. 154 to 160)

The end 620 of the loading wire 602 is connected to the distal end 615 of bristle brush implant (with a hook on the end 620 of the loading wire, and a loop 615 on the distal end of the implant 500). The distal end 625 of the delivery wire 603 is connected to the proximal end 616 of the bristle brush implant 500.

The end of the loading wire 602 not connected to the bristle brush 500 is inserted through the proximal end of the loading tube 600 and threaded through to the other end of the loading tube 600.

The loading wire 602 is further pulled until the distal tip of the bristle brush implant 500 is just visible outside the distal end of the loading tube 600.

The loading wire 602 is detached from the implant 500 (FIG. 156).

The distal end of the loading tube 600 is connected to the proximal end of the guide catheter 601.

The implant 500 is pushed into guide catheter 601 and on to a target vessel 611 using the delivery wire 603. The implant 500 is deployed by continuing to push on the delivery wire 603 and/or draining back the catheter 601 as illustrated in FIGS. 157 and 158. After deployment the delivery wire 603 is disconnected from the implant 500.

In one embodiment, the distal end 615 of the implant has a loop configuration for connection to a hook on the end 620 of the loading wire 602, while the proximal end 616 has a threaded end. In another embodiment, both ends are threaded.

The loading wire 602 may be used to ensure that only some of the bristles point in one direction, while the others point in the opposing direction. This is achieved by pulling the bristle brush implant, using the loading wire 602, beyond the point wherein only the distal tip of the implant protrudes out of the distal tip of the loading tube 600. This allows a portion of the bristles to emerge from the loading tube 600. The delivery wire 603 is then used to pull the implant back into the loading tube 600, reversing the direction of this portion of the bristles.

For embolisation it is preferable that the device be oversized to ensure it is anchored safety in the vessel, preventing migration. For this reason all segments of the device should be of a greater diameter than the target vessel. This ensures that the entire vessel lumen is treated and forms a clot, and also that the device cannot migrate.

In order to further prevent migration of the device one or more fibre segments may be added to the device which have enhanced resistance to migration. In such a configuration, an individual segment, or segments may have different mechanical properties to other segments on the device. Preferably this segment, which will be referred to as an anchor segment, is configured so as to also occlude, although perhaps not as rapidly or efficiently as adjacent segments.

This anchor segment may be achieved via increased fibre diameter to increase stiffness, or by use of a stiffer material. Preferably a super-elastic material such as Nitinol is used due to its ability to accommodate large changes in vessel diameter post-implantation. Another advantage of a super-elastic material is that it will not become shape-set if left too long in the catheter, which can occur for many polymers. Furthermore although the anchor segments may utilise a metallic material the other segments may be constructed from a polymer material; thus reducing artifact under imaging such as MRI or CT.

In one configuration a segment 700 to help anchor the device with increased fibre diameter or material stiffness may be at the proximal end of the device (FIG. 159). In another configuration, the anchor segment 700 may be at the distal end of the device (FIG. 160). Alternatively the anchor segment 700 may be placed at both the distal and proximal end of the device (FIG. 161).

In yet another configuration the anchor may be configured such that the fibres in the anchor segment 700 are longer than other segments 701. These fibres may or may not have the same stiffness or diameter of adjacent segments. This is advantages particularly in veins which can be subject to large, temporary vessel distension (e.g. during Valsalva). The other segments 701, with a lower diameter, intended for occlusion are sized according to a lower diameter related to the more permanent vessel state (not distended due to Valsalva). This enables a more dense number of fibres to be delivered through the catheter in segments 701 with a lower diameter enhancing vessel embolisation. The anchor segments 700 will also induce clot formation, albeit potentially at slower rate. Such an anchor segment 700 could be placed at the proximal end of a device (FIG. 162), distal end (FIG. 163) or both proximal end of the device (FIG. 164).

An anchor segment 700 could also be placed within the device mid-section, that is, neither the most proximal nor distal segment. FIG. 165 shows such a configuration with long fibres.

Individual segments with differing groups of bristles within the segment may also be utilised. Such segments will have fibres optimal for both anchoring and promotion of clot. These longer fibres could be configured such that they form a diamond or stepped geometry. In one configuration a series of segments are shown which have longer fibres 700 in the mid-section of the segment, and shorter fibres at the proximal and distal ends of the segment (FIG. 166). These longer anchoring fibres 700 may or may not be of the same stiffness or material as the adjacent fibres in the segment.

The fibre length in segments 705 may taper from the proximal to the distal end of individual segments, or from the distal to the proximal end (FIGS. 167 and 168).

In cases where the fibres in a segment are of Nitinol, the fibres may be shape-set (via a heating and annealing process) to achieve preferable geometries. In one embodiment, the fibres are shape-set such that they do not project at approximately 90° from the core of the device 710. In one embodiment the fibres are shape set that the ends of the fibres point distally, i.e. from the catheter tip (shown in FIG. 169). This enables easier loading of the device 710 into a loading tube or a catheter for delivery as the fibres are preferably oriented for entry into tubular component. In another embodiment the fibres are shape-set such that some fibres point proximally, while other fibres point distally. In another embodiment, the fibres are shape set such that a hiss-crossing pattern is achieved reducing the aperture between adjacent fibres tangentially and thus improving thrombogenicity.

The invention may also be used for the treatment of aneurysms (neuro or peripheral). In one configuration, a single segment 715 may be deployed directly into the aneurysm sac (FIG. 170). In another two segments separated by a flexible, spring, or elastic element. In this case when deployed the elastic member will ensure interaction of the fibres with the vessel wall such as to help anchor the device in the aneurysm. This is shown in FIG. 171. This may be particularly advantageous in the case of wide-necked aneurysms.

In another approach a number of segments 715 could be delivered into the aneurysm sac such that they fill the entire space efficiently. In this type of scenario the individual fibres will interact with one another causing a dense scaffold which cannot straighten out or fall back into the parent vessel (FIG. 172).

The invention may further be used for the treatment of aneurysms via the parent vessel. In this situation the objective may be to occlude the entire parent vessel (FIG. 173). Once a clot has formed in the device 720 supply to the aneurysm sac is cut off, preventing a rupture and causing clot formation within the aneurysm sac. In another approach the entire parent vessel may be treated with a number of segments 725, 726 which are not connected and placed in the parent vessel distal and proximal to the aneurysm (FIG. 174). In one embodiment the two segments 725, 726 could be connected by an element 727, enabling the physician deploy a single device which results in segments distal and proximal to the aneurysm. In one embodiment this connecting element may be adjustable in length allowing the physician to accommodate a range of distances between proximal and distal ends of the device (FIG. 175).

In one method a sclerosant, glue or other embolic 730 may be injected via a catheter 731 between the segments 725, 726 promoting rapid embolisation of the aneurysm (FIG. 176).

In another embodiment, the device may be used to treat an endoleak. An endoleak is a leak into an aneurysm which has been treated with a vascular graft. Type II endoleaks are of then of a form where there is a vessel flowing into and out of the aneurysm. In this case the physician may treat the aneurysm sac using many coils and the in-flow/outflow vessels. A device such as that shown schematically in FIG. 172 may be used to treat the aneurysm sac. Since the sac is typically large, the segments 740 to be placed within the sac will preferably incorporate much longer and softer fibres than would normally be used in adjacent vessels. Additional devices 741 may be placed in the inflow and outflow vessels. Alternatively a configuration in which the devices comprises segments specifically to fill and cause occlusion on the aneurysm sac may be used, and segments which anchor the device in the in-flow outflow vessels. This is shown schematically in FIG. 177.

In some cases the physician may wish to choose the number of segments which are implanted as the procedure progresses. In this case it may be advantageous to have a number of segments 750 available in the catheter 751 which can be delivered at will. This is shown schematically in (FIG. 178). In this figure all segments 750 are not connected, nor is a delivery wire attached. Instead a push-wire 752 is used to push the segments 750 through the catheter 752. This allows one-by-one deployment of the segments 750.

In one embodiment, there is a temporary interlocking connection between adjacent segments. The most proximal segment is connected the delivery wire by an interlocking connection. This enables the physician to push and pull the segments while they are still within the catheter. Once a segment is pushed out of the catheter its temporary interlocking connection is undone, enabling it to detach from the adjacent proximal segments. At any stage prior to the proximal interlocking portion of a segment exiting the catheter tip, it can be retracted by retracting the delivery wire.

It may be preferable to enhance the thrombogenicity of the device by modifying the Nylon fibres by etching. This increases surface roughness increasing surface area and propensity for platelet adhesion. Nylon fibres are etched to increase the surface roughness thus increasing thrombogenicity. This etching may be achieved using by immersing the fibres in a solution of 75 parts potassium dichromate, 1250 parts sulphuric acid and 120 parts water.

In some cases it may be preferable for the physician to be able to pass a catheter 760 through a device 761 once delivered. The ease of passing a catheter 760 through the device may be improved by offsetting the stem core 762 of the device towards the outer diameter of the device, such that the fibre length varies about the stem circumference as shown in FIG. 179. This is shown in cross section in FIG. 180. In one embodiment in some regions about the circumference there are no fibres present, or the fibres are trimmed to a length close to zero. In another configuration two parallel segments or devices of this type could be connected for enhanced occlusion (shown in cross section in FIG. 181).

A method may be used wherein a device is used to prevent backflow, known as reflux, of particles delivered during particle embolisation. These particles may be used to cause end-organ tissue necrosis or for the delivery of radio-embolisation or chemo-embolisation. One example is the treatment of uterine fibroids using particles, in which the objective is to send as distally as possible until they become trapped in the microvasculature (see FIG. 182). These particles can damage other areas of the body if allowed to leave the target vessel or end organ. When used, the intent is to deliver the particles until stasis is achieved. Once this occurs it is a problem that particles can flow backwards and travel to non-target locations.

Placement of a bristle brush device will prevent these particles from travelling proximally once stasis occurs as the particles will become trapped in the fibres. To deliver the particles a catheter 760 is passed through the bristle brush 761, and particles then injected through the catheter 760 (FIG. 183).

Preferably this type of device 761 will be constructed so as to allow blood flow for a period of time (enabling the particles to travel distally to the target location), and eventually occlude once the particle delivery is complete. In one approach the bristle brush may be removed once the particle embolisation is complete.

The device disclosed may also be used for the treatment of saphenous veins for the treatment of lower limb varicose veins. It is well described that failure at the sapneous vein junction is important and that an implant or permanent ligation at this location would prevent recurrence. A permanent or biodegradable fibre device may be particularly advantageous for prevention of these failures.

A method may be used in which an embolisation device 775 is first deployed into a saphenous vein 770 under ultrasound. The device may treat the entire length, or a significant portion of the length, of the saphenous vein. A sclerosant agent or other embolic or glue may then be injected by the physician along the length of the device, treating perforators and collaterals. This is shown schematically in FIG. 184, 185.

In another method (FIG. 186) a short device 780 may also be placed at the cranial end of the saphenous vein. A scloerosing agent may be injected in the caudal portion with the device preventing cranial migration of the embolic into non target vessels.

The device may be left permanently in the saphenous vein or retrieved into the catheter for removal once the procedure is complete.

Generally this is a procedure will be performed under ultrasound imaging. It is therefore preferable that the device be comprised of echogenic materials, or have an echogenic coating, to enable the physician the device during placement. In particularly the stem may be comprised of an echo-genic material. More preferably echogenic markers may be placed at the proximal and distal ends of the device.

In one embodiment the device is configured so as to control the embolic to remain between the device ends. In another embodiment the device is configured so as to allow caudal flow the sclerosant but not cranial flow.

To enable efficiency in manufacture, the looped end of a segment may be connected to an adjacent segment by means of modular unit 790 as shown in FIG. 187. This modular unit 790 is configured so as to have an open configuration to enable it to be connected through the loop 791 of the adjacent segment. This is then closed by mean of a crimp or weld making a permanent flexible connection between adjacent segments 792 as shown in FIG. 188.

In another embodiment the segments 792 may be manufactured so as to not have loops at either end. A modular unit 795 of two interconnected loops may be used to connect the segments by means of crimping or welding or other (FIG. 189, 190).

In one embodiment the modular unit may be constructed from a wire and hypotube. In another embodiment the modular unit may be constructed from a single cut hypotube cut and formed into a suitable shape.

Although the bristle brush segments can embolise a vessel, a clot must build within the scaffold which takes time to occur. In one embodiment a flow restrictor such as a membrane 800 may be included on the proximal end of the device restricting blood flow into the device and causing stasis.

The more distal fibre segments further promote embolisation, and anchor the device in the vessel along the target vessel. Although a focal occlusion may be sufficient at the proximal end due to the effect of the membrane 800, it is frequently the case that a physician wishes to embolise a vessel length due to the presence of collaterals or aneurysm.

The membrane 800 may be impermeable in order to constitute a complete flow blocker. This ensures rapid cessation of the in-flow causing stasis along the vessel length. This encourages more rapid generation of clot within the fibre scaffold along the target vessel length.

The membrane 800 may be comprised of self-expanding material to ensure that it expands to fill the vessel lumen upon deployment. In another embodiment the adjacent fibres of the most proximal fibre segment move the membrane form the collapsed to the expanded state upon deployment. The membrane may be of a disc shape and placed at the proximal end of the device (as shown in FIGS. 191 to 193), or at the distal end of a device, or at both ends of the device.

In some cases a membrane 805 may have a number of slots 806 to facilitate folding of the device for when collapsed in a delivery catheter, and to ensure a more uniform expansion (FIG. 194). In another case a membrane 809 may comprise a number of layers, with (FIG. 197) or without slots. The layers may have the same or different diameter. In one embodiment the more distal layer has a lower diameter than the more proximal layer. In another embodiment a membrane 810 may be comprised of a number of overlapping leaflets or petals 811 (FIG. 195). This overlapping construction further improves folding and prevents formation of gaps when deployed in the vessel due to non-uniform expansion of the membrane.

A membrane such as a disc may be treated so as to have predefined folds to aid collapse for delivery, and provision of a seal against the vessel wall upon deployment.

In one embodiment, if placed at the proximal end of the device, the membrane is collapsed by the catheter or loading tube tip during retraction into the catheter or loading tube. Upon deployment the fibres distal the membrane expand the membrane out to meet the vessel wall restricting flow.

In one configuration a membrane 815 may be placed within the fibre segment such that there are fibres both immediately distal and proximal to the segment (FIG. 196). These fibres serve to support the membrane during loading and deployment ensuring that it is collapsed and expanded in a controlled way

In some cases membrane may have a diameter which is greater than or less than the segment diameter. FIG. 198 shows a membrane 820 with a diameter lower than the segment diameter. In this situation, the membrane diameter must be at least that of the target vessel. In another configuration the membrane may be comprised of a number of layers of different diameters which may be greater than the segment diameter (FIG. 197) or less than the segment diameter.

In another configuration, a membrane 825 may constitute a wind-sock type geometry which surrounds some or all of the fibres of a segment (as shown in FIG. 199). To ensure sufficient flow restriction the wind-sock diameter should be at least that of the target vessel. In another embodiment, a balloon type geometry may be incorporated. In this case a fibre segment may reside within the balloon. Upon deployment from the catheter, the expansion of the fibres from a collapsed condition cause opens the balloon up to fill the vessel lumen causing a flow restriction.

In yet another configuration, a membrane 830 may be supported by a number of struts 831 to control expansion and contraction during deployment and loading, further aiding a reliable flow restriction of the lumen. This is shown schematically in FIG. 200. These struts may be made from Nitinol. In one embodiment the edges of the membrane incorporate frayed edges to help ensure a seal against the vessel lumen.

The membrane may be comprised of a film, weave, braid or fabric construction. Suitable materials include PTFE, Nylon, PET, PEEK, Polyurethane, Polypropylene and Silicon. A fine Dacron mesh may also be used.

A membrane may be manufactured in-situ on a fibre segment by dipping of some or a portion of the device in silicone or another elastomer. When cured the webbed effect and membrane will be formed between the fibres, acting as a membrane to aid flow restriction.

In one embodiment the fibres are interconnected with an array of micro fibres ‘a web’. These microfibers increase the blood contact surface area and reduce aperture size to facilitate rapid occlusion

The ‘web’ may be manufactured by extruding the microfibers onto the brush, weaving the microfibers through the brush fibres and/or using an adhesive to attach the microfibers to the brush fibres.

A process known as electrospinning may also be used to position the microfibers on the brush.

The occlusion performance of a fibre segment 840 may be further enhanced by the addition of fibres to cross the existing fibres (FIG. 201). In one embodiment a uniform distribution of fibres is added. In another embodiment the density of the added fibres increases towards the outer diameter of the segment. This is preferable since as the distance from the stem increase, so too dos the distance between the fibres, reducing the efficiency of blood clot formation. This could be achieved by electro spinning. In one embodiment the added fibres are of a lower diameter than the other fibres in the segment. In another embodiment they are of the same or a larger diameter. The fibres may only be added to the distal and proximal ends.

As the objective of the invention to promote a blood clot, the number of fibres which can be fitted into a catheter must be maximised to ensure embolisation. Depending on the fibre diameter, more fibres can be fitted into the delivery catheter. This is shown schematically in FIGS. 202, 203. More fibres mean a greater surface area for platelet and clot adhesion, and a smaller gap between adjacent fibres. A smaller gap between adjacent fibres means that the distance or thickness of thrombus which must form is lower in order for adjacent thrombus to meet.

Typically catheters have an internal diameter of 0.038, 0.056, and 0.068 inches for guide catheters 4, 5, 6 French respectively. Smaller micro-catheters 0.022 to 0.028 also exist. The length of the fibre segment, gap between fibre segments and fibre density must be tuned to ensure that a device can be pushed through the catheter without becoming stuck.

The stem of the device is typically constructed from a two wires (as shown in FIG. 113) or from a single continuous wire bent so as to achieve two parallel wire sections. A series of fibres is placed between the wires. One end of the wire(s) is fixed while the other is twisted to achieve a cylindrical brush segment. This twisting action results in a stem, the diameter of which is related to the diameter of the wire used. The stem diameter chosen must have enough strength to securely hold the fibres in place once twisted without causing a major increase in the profile particularly when loaded in a catheter. Preferred stem wire diameters are outlined in the table below.

The table below outlines ranges of fibre density, diameter, stem diameter, segment length and gap length according to FIG. 204 which may be used in the invention. Devices with a lower density of fibres than this will not be efficient in promoting clot formation, particularly in larger diameter vessels.

The density of the fibres is the number of fibres present per cm of segment length. For example in a segment of 6 mm in length, with a density of 100, there will be 60 fibres.

Approximate Segment Gap Fibre Maximum Fibre Density Cather ID Stem Wire Diameter Length Diameter Segment (number per cm of (inches) Diameter (mm) (mm) (in) Length (mm) segment length) 0.023 0.003-0.006 3-6 1-3 0.001-0.002 3-4 100-200 0.038 0.003-0.008 6-8 ≥2 0.002-0.003 3-7 100-300 0.056 0.004-0.012  8-10 ≥2 0.002-0.003 3-7 100-800 0.056 0.004-0.012 10-12 ≥2 0.002-0.003 3-7 100-800 0.056 0.004-0.012 12-16 ≥2 0.002-0.004 3-6 100-800 0.068 0.004-0.012 10-18 ≥2 0.002-0.004 3-6 100-400 0.078 0.004-0.012 10-24 ≥2 0.002-0.005 3-6 100-400

In some particular embodiments the following are deliverable through a catheter, but are also efficient in promoting clot formation. Devices with a lower density of fibres than this will not be efficient in promoting clot formation, particularly in larger diameter vessels. Specific details are outlined in the table below.

Fibre Density Segment Segment Maximum (number Approximate Stem Diameter, Diameter, Gap Fibre Segment per cm of Cather ID Wire Occluder Anchor Length Diameter Length segment (inches) Diameter (mm) (mm) (mm) (in) (mm) length) 0.023 0.004 4-5 4-6 1-3 0.001-0.002 3-4 100-300 0.038 0.006-0.008 6 8 ≥2 0.002-0.003 3-6 100-300 0.056 0.008-0.010 12 15 ≥3 0.002-0.003 4-5 300-800 0.068 0.008-0.012 15 17 ≥3 0.002-0.004 3-6 200-800 0.078 0.008-0.012 18 22 ≥3 0.002-0.004 3-6 200-1000

Where segments are longer than 6 mm, for the densities and segment diameters required, it will not be possible to deliver the segments through the catheter inner diameters outlined.

The device may be comprised of one type of segment whereby each segment is of equal efficiency in terms of both anchoring and occlusion.

In one configuration two different segments types may be used, both intended to both anchor the device and cause occlusion, but one which is more optimal for anchoring while the other is more optimal for occlusion.

In one configuration the device may comprise only one segment. The segment may be configured so as to have a variable diameter along its length with increased fibre length at the distal or proximal end, or both. In another embodiment a single segment has a denser fill at the proximal end and/or distal end than at the mid-section. In yet another embodiment more than one diameter is used for the fibres such that some fibres serve to anchor the device while other fibres better promote occlusion.

In another embodiment, the device may be configured so the segment or segments contain different fibre types wherein one type is more optimal for anchoring while one type is more optimal for occlusion.

In another embodiment a membrane enhance immediate flow restriction may be placed towards or at the proximal or distal, or both ends of the device.

The invention provides various embolisation devices for promoting clot formation in a lumen comprising a stem and a plurality of flexible bristles extending outwardly from the stem, the bristles having a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration in which the bristles extend outwardly from the stem to permanently anchor the device in a lumen. Referring for example to FIGS. 205 to 208 the embolisation devices 900 are first loaded into a delivery catheter which is inserted into a target vessel 902. The device 900 is deployed. In some cases the device 900 is mounted on a delivery wire 903 which is detached from the device 900 after deployment. The bristles of the device 900 are anchored in the lumen 902 and promote clot formation (FIG. 207) until the vessel is completely occluded (FIG. 208).

Referring to FIGS. 209 to 246 of the drawings there is illustrated an embolisation device 1501 according to the invention which comprises a plurality of flexible bristles having deployed and contracted configurations. The device comprises a series of segments wherein at least one segment 1503 points distally and one segment 1504 points proximally. In some cases there is only a proximal segment 1504 and distal segment 1503.

The bristles of the proximal segment 1504 point proximally and the bristles of the distal segment 1503 point distally.

A proximally pointing segment is defined as a segment in which the bristles point proximally and the membrane (if present) cone is open at the proximal end. A distally pointing segment is defined as a segment in which the bristles point distally and the membrane (if present) cone is open at the distal end.

At least one segment in this case the proximal segment 1503, incorporates a flow restrictor which in this case is a thin film flexible membrane 1505.

In some cases a series of radiopaque markers divides the proximally pointing segment 1504 and the distally pointing segment 1503. There may be a proximal marker 6, a distal marker 1507 and an intermediate marker 1508.

In one case the embolization device comprises only a single proximal segment 1504 and a single distal segment 1503. The proximal segment 4 and the distal segment 1503 in one case are mounted on a single common stem. The stem of the proximal segment 1504 and the stem of the distal segment 1503 may form parts of the same continuous stem.

In the case where the device comprises more than two segments, the connection between the two most proximal segments is more stiff than the distal connections. The distal connections generally comprise a hinge.

In one embodiment, a flexible membrane 1505 is present in at least one of the segments. The membrane 1505 may comprise a disc of thin film material. The flexibility of the membrane 1505 means its orientation is controlled by the orientation of the adjacent bristles—i.e. if the adjacent bristles are forced to point distally the membrane 5 will adjust its configuration accordingly. Thus, if the membrane 1505 is deployed from a collapsed condition, such as from within a catheter, the bristles will cause it to open up to an expanded configuration. The membrane 1505 may also be placed proximal or distal to the segment.

In one case, the implant device comprises at least two segments. In one configuration the membrane 1505 is in the most proximal segment. This is shown, in an unconstrained state schematically in FIGS. 209, 210, 229, 230, 231. In the configuration shown the membrane 1505 is located within the proximal segment 1504 with bristles both proximal and distal to the membrane 1505. In some cases there may be a distal membrane 1505.

In one case a flow restricting membrane is located longitudinally within the bristles of the proximal segment and/or the distal segment. The flow restricting membrane may extend from the stem. The flow restricting membrane may have an outer dimension which is less than an outer dimension of the plurality of anchoring bristles. The flow restricting membrane may be connected to the stem. In some cases the flow restricting membrane may have a central hole that is an interference fit on the stem. The central hole in the membrane is preferably smaller than the stem on which it is mounted. The central hole in the membrane may have a diameter which is smaller than the diameter of the stem.

The implant has a collapsed configuration to facilitate delivery through a catheter. By placing the membrane 1505 within the segment 1504, i.e. with bristles proximal and distal to it, it is protected from damage while the implant is being collapsed, or pushed through a catheter. Furthermore, any friction between the catheter and the membrane 1505 is reduced.

In one configuration, the implant is collapsed such that, the bristles of the most proximal segment 1504 point proximally, while the bristles of the distal segment 1503 or segments point distally. Since the membrane orientation is controlled by the orientation of the bristles, if the membrane 1505 is within the proximal segment, it will also point proximally. This is shown schematically in FIG. 211.

FIG. 211 shows a collapsed configuration of two segments 1503, 1504 in a catheter 1510, one pointing distally and the other proximally. It will be noted that the outer periphery of the membrane 1505, shown in the proximal segment 1504, is pointing proximally.

When deployed from this configuration, into a vessel a similar but partially expanded configuration to the collapsed configuration is achieved. This means that the bristles of the proximal segment 1504 point proximally, and the bristles of the distal segment 1503 point distally. This is shown schematically in FIG. 212. In this configuration the implant will be anchored from moving in either direction. This is because the ends of the bristle act in a brake-like fashion increasing friction between the implant and the wall. On the contrary, if all bristles point distally, the force required to push the implant distally will be greater than that required to push the implant proximally. Thus a device migration may be more likely to occur in the proximal direction.

In one embodiment the membrane 1505, when measured in the unconstrained configuration, has a diameter which is less than that of the bristle segment, but greater than that of the vessel for which the device is intended. Thus the membrane is sufficiently large in diameter to contact the circumference of the vessel. A larger membrane would increase the profile of the implant when in the collapsed condition necessitating a larger catheter for delivery.

As illustrated in FIG. 212 when the device is deployed into a vessel, with a smaller diameter than the implant, the membrane 1505 assumes a conical or cup-like shape—the open end of the cone proximal to the closed end. In one configuration the deployed implant comprises a membrane 1505 with a conical shape, the open end of the cone proximal to the distal end. In arteries blood from the heart towards the distal arterial tree, that is from proximal to distal. The configuration ensures that the blood flows into the cone's volume, i.e. the opening of the cone opposes flow. Thus the blood will act to expand the cone further enhancing the seal between the membrane and the vessel wall (FIG. 213). In this way occlusion will be facilitated. Thus the greater the force (pressure) of the flow into the cone, the greater the improvement of the seal against the vessel wall.

FIG. 213 shows a schematic of the flow direction (closed arrows) entering a membrane 1505 in the deployed configuration and its effect on the seal against the vessel wall.

In another embodiment the implant may be collapsed such that all segments point distally. FIGS. 214 and 215 show the configuration of two distally pointing segments 1503, 1504 (proximal and distal segments) in the collapsed state. When deployed, both the proximal and distal segments will point distally. Similarly, all segments may be collapsed such that all point proximally. This may be advantageous when attempting to occlude a lumen in which flow is from distal to proximal, such as a healthy vein. FIGS. 214 and 215 show the configuration of two distally pointing segments (proximal and distal segments) in the collapsed and deployed state.

A different degree of under sizing of the membrane with respect the segment diameter may be preferable for devices intended for arteries and veins. For example veins are known to distend more than arteries during manoeuvres such as Valsalva. Typically arteries distend by 5 to 15% while veins can distend 20-60%.

To ensure an adequate seal between the membrane 1505 and the vessel wall it is preferable that the segment centreline is co-linear with that of the vessel. Use of at least two segments in the device pointing in opposite directions helps to remedy this problem, i.e. the bristles of the proximal segment pointing proximally, and the bristles of the distal segment pointing distally. This facilitates a uniform seal of the cone against the vessel wall about its circumference. As can be seen in FIG. 216, if the segment is not co-linear with the vessel, the membrane may be unstable. This instability may enable flow to open or alter the membrane geometry from a cone-like shape (for example by flipping the direction of the cone). FIG. 216 illustrates an unstable device, with poor co-linearity with the vessel centre line which may allow flow to pass through.

The device may include features to improve co-linearity of the device with the vessel centreline. In one embodiment, the diameter of the segment is significantly larger than that of the target vessel. This improves the stability of the device within the vessel facilitating co-linearity of the segment and the vessel centreline. Thus the implant is significantly oversized compared to the target vessel. Preferable dimensions are outlined in Table 1 and Table 2 for devices deliverable through 0.0385 to 0.041 inch, and 0.056-0.056 inch inner diameter catheters respectively. The dimensions are shown schematically in FIG. 217. FIG. 217 shows the dimensions of the device in the undeployed state (a) and the vessel diameter definition (b).

The oversizing (calculated as the percentage difference in diameter between segment diameter and the vessel diameter) is preferably at least 20%, more preferably 50% of the vessel diameter and more preferably at least 100% of the vessel diameter in which the device is implanted. For example for a target vessel which is 6 mm in diameter, the device diameter may be at least 7.6 mm, preferably at least 9 mm, more preferably at least 12 mm.

To ensure co-linearity in veins, the degree of oversizing may be increased compared to that used in arteries. This is because veins are known to distend significantly (for example during Valsalva). In one configuration the minimum over-sizing is 100%.

In one configuration the connection between two segments has some flexibility to enable tracking through tortuous anatomy or to accommodate vessel movement during waking etc. It is preferable that the flexibility of this connection is limited so as to ensure good co-linearity of the segment with the membrane and the vessel ensuring good vessel occlusion. This prevents the device from deploying in a buckled configuration as it exits the catheter tip.

In one embodiment, the bristle segments are on the same stem 1520 and there is a gap 1523 between the segments 1521, 1522 as illustrated in FIG. 218. In another embodiment, two segments 1524, 25 on two different stems may be connected. In one configuration this connection comprises a crimped or welded hypotube. FIG. 218 shows a device with two bristles segments 1521, 1522 pointing in opposing directions on the same stem 1520.

In yet another embodiment, the same segment may be configured in the collapsed and deployed configuration so as to have some bristles (and the membrane) pointing proximally and some bristles pointing distally (FIG. 219). FIG. 219 shows a device with two bristle segments 1524, 1525 in opposing directions, sharing the same stem and without a gap in between.

In some instances the physician may wish to deploy at least a portion of the device and reposition it if he or she is not satisfied.

In one case the device incorporates at least one proximally pointing proximal segment, and at least one distally pointing distal segment. If the physician deploys the device completely and then wishes to retrieve and redeploy the device, the action of retrieving the implant by advancing the guide catheter over it will cause the direction of the proximal segment or segments to flip upon passing through the catheter tip. Thus if the implant is re-deployed all segments will point distally. This will cause the membrane to be open distally. Thus flow may be able to flow past the outside of the membrane. It may be preferable to avoid this situation.

To mitigate this, a radiopaque marking system may be utilised to alert the physician of whether the proximally pointing segment or segments have been deployed from the catheter. Thus the physician can deploy the distally pointing segments, and assess their position without deploying the proximally pointing segment or segments. If the physician is unhappy with the position of the distally pointing segments, they may resheath and redeploy them without altering the direction of the proximally pointing segments.

In one configuration a radiopaque marker, distal marker 1507, is present at the most distal point of the most distal segment. A second marker, medial marker 1508, is present between the distally pointing segment(s) and proximally pointing segment(s). A third marker, proximal marker 1506, is present at the most proximal point of the proximally facing segment. In this configuration the section between the distal and medial marker 1507, 1508 defines the distally facing segments which may be deployed, retrieved/repositioned without any effect on their pointing direction, and the section between the medial and third proximal 1506, 1508 defines the proximally facing segment which should not be deployed until the physician is happy with position of the device.

The deployment of the device using this marking system is shown schematically in FIGS. 220(a) to (c) which show the marking system and their locations during different stages of delivery and deployment.

In one case, a section of tube of a radiopaque material known as a marker band may be crimped onto the connection between the segments. In the case in which a hypotube is used to connect the segments, the marker may be placed on one or both of the stems of the segments before the hypotube is crimped in place. In another embodiment the marker band may be placed onto the hypotube connection. In yet another embodiment the radiopaque marker band may be used to connect two adjacent segments. Attachment may be facilitated by crimping or welding, soldering, use of an adhesive or other means. In another configuration a marker band may be placed on the stem distal or proximal to the connection between the two segments.

In one embodiment the membrane is made from a thin film of PTFE. In one embodiment the membrane is made from a thin film elastomer such as polyurethane. In one case the membrane is of a thermoplastic polyurethane, such as a poly-ether urethane, for example an aromatic polyether urethane. In one embodiment the membrane incorporates a small hole at its centre. To facilitate placement of the membrane on the bristle segment, the adjacent bristles are collapsed by some means. The membrane can then be threaded over the collapsed bristles into the desired position.

Manipulating the membrane over the collapsed bristles into position may require that the hole is stretched to a larger diameter. The use of an elastomer which can accommodate larger deformations without permanently deforming facilitates this step in manufacture facilitates this. The ability of this material to stretch facilitates placement of the membrane within the segment during manufacture.

Because a material such as polyurethane is less lubricious than others ensuring that the membrane is adequately held against the bristles of the segment in the collapsed configuration and cannot be pulled off during loading and delivery through a catheter.

In one embodiment the membrane is made from thin film Nitinol. In this instance the bristles are not required to collapse, expand and support the membrane.

Preferably the membrane has a low stiffness. This ensures that its behaviour is dominated by the bristles by the adjacent bristles, and that it can easily flex to ensure a good seal at the vessel wall. Furthermore a stiff membrane may have channels longitudinally. Another problem with a stiff membrane is that cannot fold and conform to a low profile when in the collapsed configuration. Considering the situation where a polymer membrane such as polyurethane is used, the stiffness of the membrane may be reduced by reducing its thickness to that of thin film. Dimensions for the membrane are outlined in Table 1 and Table 2. The membrane may also be of PTFE, PET, or Nylon. PTFE is particularly suitable as it will enhance lubricity enabling the device to be delivered through the catheter without high force.

It is preferable that the device profile when in the collapsed configuration is as low as possible in order to enable delivery through a small bore catheter. This reduces complications such as hematoma and infection at the site of luminal access for the catheters. It is also preferable that the implant be detachable from the delivery wire at the discretion of the physician.

In one configuration, the implant has a detachment mechanism on its proximal end. This ensures that the physician can readjust its position until he or she is happy, remove the device, or detach the implant at will. For some designs the diameter of the detachment mechanism may exceed that of the stem, or even fill the majority of the space within catheter or sheath used to deliver the implant to the target vessel. Accordingly, when in the collapsed state, if the bristles or membrane overlap the detachment mechanism an increased or excessive profile may occur.

Another solution to this problem is to use a low profile detachment mechanism. In one embodiment, a twisted wire stem may be used wherein the geometry of the twisted wire naturally provides a male screw thread as shown in FIG. 221. A female screw thread may then be threaded onto this male screw thread. In one embodiment the female screw thread mechanism comprises a formed hypotube in which the threads on the inside of the hypotube intended to mate with the threads of the twisted wire stem are formed in place. Preferably the pitch of the twisted wire brush is the pitch of the thread. A relatively low number of threads may be used with success. A minimum of two female threads is used preferably.

FIG. 221 shows a thread mechanism utilising the twisted wire stem 1530 as a natural male thread. In this schematic a formed hypotube 1531 is used as the female thread.

In another embodiment the female screw thread is machined or tapped onto the inside of a tube. In another configuration the female screw thread comprises a coil with a pitch to match that of the male thread providing a reliable screw detachment mechanism.

In one embodiment the male screw thread 1530 is a section of the twisted wire stem of the most proximal segment. In a further embodiment, the female thread or hypotube 1531 is attached at its proximal end to a delivery wire 1535. This facilitates delivery and detachment of the bustle segment through a catheter. This is illustrated schematically in FIG. 222 which shows a thread mechanism in which a hypotube 1531 is attached to a delivery wire 1535 and detachable from the twisted wire stem 1530 by a thread mechanism. A thread mechanism which does not utilise the twisted wire stem may also be utilised.

Referring in particular to FIGS. 230 and 231 in one case a flexible section 1540 is provided between the screw detachment mechanism 1541 and the most proximal segment 1504 of the implant. In one embodiment this flexible section 1540 is a hinge. This flexible section 1540 enables delivery and detachment of the implant in tortuous anatomies. This flexible section 1540 also serves to ensure that the proximal end of the implant is atraumatic.

In one embodiment the membrane and bristles do not overlap the detachment mechanism. In this case the detachment mechanism is located a minimum distance from the most proximal point of the segment such that the bristles and membrane do not, or at least minimally overlap the detachment mechanism.

A number of potential device configurations are shown in FIGS. 223 to 226. In FIGS. 223(a) and (b) there are two segments—one proximal containing the membrane 4 and one distal. Marker bands 1506, 1507, 1508 are positioned as described above.

Referring to FIGS. 224(a) and (b) in this case there are additional distal segments 1560 and hinge connections 1561 are provided between the distal segments to accommodate movement between the segments.

Referring to FIGS. 225(a) and (b), in this case the most distal segment also includes a membrane 1505′ which has an opening which faces distally in the deployed configuration. A relatively stiff connection 1562 is provided between the most distal segment and the adjacent segment.

FIGS. 226(a) and (b) illustrate a device similar to FIG. 225 and again for increased stability when deployed, there is a relatively stiff connection 1562 between the most distal segment and the adjacent segment. The connection in this case may be reinforced by or provided by a section of hypotube.

FIGS. 227 and 228 show the complete device configuration. In the packaged configuration, when ready for use, the implant is stored within a loading tube 1550. This loading tube 1550 comprises a tube with a haemostasis valve 1552 and side arm 1551 for flushing. The delivery wire 1555 is attached to the proximal end of the implant and passes through the haemostasis valve. The implant can be pushed from the loading tube 1550 into a catheter for delivery to the target site. In one embodiment the loading tube has a taper at its distal end to enable it to easily fit into the luer of the catheter used for delivery of the device to the target vessel.

As previously described the implant is pushed from a loader into a catheter to be pushed to the site of treatment. An example of the loader is shown in FIG. 228. In one embodiment the loading tube is made from a lubricious material such as PTFE with an outer diameter of approximately 2.9 mm and an inner diameter of approximately 1.65 mm. This loading tube is compatible with both 0.056-0.057″ 5F delivery catheters and 0.035″-0.038″ 4 Fr delivery catheters.

In another embodiment the loading tube has a taper at its distal end to enable it to be compatible with multiple catheters of differing hub geometries used for delivery of the device to the target vessel. A taper 1556 on the loading tube 1555 functions by funneling the bristles 1558 of the distal segment of the implant into a conical shape. On exit from the loader, the bristles funnel to a profile less than that of the inner diameter of the catheter hub ensuring that the implant can be pushed freely from the loading tube without snagging. This allows smooth transition across the tube/catheter interface and within the delivery catheter.

In one preferred embodiment the outer diameter of the loading tube is 2.9 mm and the inner diameter is 1.65 mm. The distal taper comprises an inner diameter from 0.8 mm-1.3 mm tapered over a length of 1-6 mm.

Various configurations of segments, membranes and connections are illustrated in FIGS. 223 to 237.

In some instances, it may be preferable due to space restrictions within the delivery catheter, to incorporate a different number of bristles within the proximal and distal bristle segment. This enables he number of bristles which encourage thrombus formation and prevent device migration to be maximised, while preventing excessive friction within the catheter during delivery and deployment. This is particularly important in the case in which one bristle segment of the implant incorporates a membrane since the membrane itself will take up space. It is also preferable to minimise the diameter of the stem to further enable addition of more bristles. The stem wire preferably has sufficient diameter to ensure that when twisted the bristles are securely held via plastic deformation of the stem wire. The following tables contain preferable combinations of materials and dimensions for the implant.

TABLE 1 Materials Attribute Range Preferably More Preferably Bristle Any shape memory — Nitinol, Elgiloy, Material metal or polymer Nitinol Stem Wire Stainless Steel, Cobalth Cobalt Elgiloy, L605 or Material Chromium, Platinum, Chromium MP35N Tantalum Titanium or Nickel Alloy Membrane PTFE, PEEK, Polyurethane, — Polyether Material Polyether urethane, urethane 80A Polyester urethane, Polycarbonate urethane Stem Wire — — Annealed Material Condition

TABLE 2a 0.035-0.040 in ID Catheter Preferably ≥0.038 in Implant for short vessel treatment Attribute Range Preferably More Preferably Length of Implant (cm) 1-20 1-6 1.5-2.5 Suitable Artery Diameter 2-13  3-10 3-7 (mm) Suitable Vein Diameter (mm) 2-10 3-8 3-8 Bristle Diameter (in) 0.001-0.002  0.0015-0.0018 0.00175 Number of Segments 2-15  2-15 2 Number of Bristles in 50-130 70-90 80 Proximal Segment Length of Proximal Bristle 2.5-4.0  2.9-3.5 3.5 Segment (mm) Number of Bristles in Distal 60-140  90-110 100 Segment (no. per mm) Length of Distal Bristle 3.0-5.0  3.7-4.5 4.4 Segment (mm) Membrane Diameter (mm) 6-14  6-10 8 Membrane thickness (μm) <25 <18  8-16 Membrane Location Proximal Proximal Proximal segment and distal and distal segment segment Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.004-0.010  0.005-0.008 0.006 Distal and Proximal Segment 7-20 10-18 15 Diameter (mm) Gap between segments (mm) 0.5-10   2-5 3-4 Direction of fibres in most Proximally Proximally Proximally pointing proximal segment pointing pointing Direction of fibres in most Distally Distally Distally pointing distal segment, or segments pointing pointing

TABLE 2b Implant for Treatment of Short Vessel Segments 0.054-0.060 in ID Catheter Preferably 0.056 in Attribute Range Preferably More Preferably Length of Implant (cm) 1-30 1.5-9   2.0-3.5 Suitable Vein Diameter (mm) 2-14  3-13  5-11 Suitable Artery Diameter 3-10 4-9 5-8 Number of Bristle Segments 1-30  1-25 2 Number of Bristles in Proximal 60-150  70-110 90 Segment Length of Proximal Bristle 2-6  4-5 4.10 ± 0.5 mm Segment (mm) Number of Bristles in Distal 70-180 100-150 125 Segment Length of Distal Bristle 2-10 5-7 5.75 ± 0.5 mm Segment (mm) Membrane Diameter (mm) 11-20  13-15 14 Membrane thickness (μm) <25 <18 810-16  Membrane Location Proximal Proximal Proximal segment and or distal and distal segment segment Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.004-0.010  0.005-0.008 0.006 Bristle Diameter (in) 0.001-0.0025 0.00175-0.002  0.002 Segment Diameter (mm) 14-38  18-30 25 Gap Between Segments 0.5-10   2-5 3-4 Direction of fibres in most Proximally Proximally Proximally proximal segment pointing pointing pointing Direction of fibres in most distal Distally Distally Distally pointing segment, or segments pointing pointing

In some instances it may be preferable to use a much longer device for vessel occlusion. For example, in the case of gonadal veins, devices from 5 cm to 15 cm, or even 25 cm may be required to treat the entire vessel length. For such a vessel, a lower bristle diameter may be appropriate even in a large vessel (e.g. 10 mm diameter) since the increased number of bristles, due to the increased length and number of segments, means a sufficient anchor force can be achieved. A reduced bristle diameter in combination with a larger number of bristles enables a lower force for advancement through a catheter, and deployment from a catheter. The following table outlines some preferable combinations.

TABLE 3a 0.054-0.060 in ID Catheter Preferably 0.056 in Attribute Range Preferably More Preferably Length of Implant (cm) 1-30 1.5-9   2.0-3.5 Suitable Vein Diameter (mm) 2-14  3-13  3-12 Number of Bristle Segments 2-30  4-25 2 Number of Bristles in Proximal 60-150  70-110 90 Segment Length of Proximal Bristle 2-6  4-5 4.5 Segment (mm) Number of Bristles in Distal 70-180 100-150 125 Segment Length of Distal Bristle 2-10 5-7 6.2 Segment (mm) Membrane Diameter (mm) 11-20  13-15 14 Membrane thickness (μm) <25 <18  8-16 Membrane Location Proximal Proximal Proximal segment and distal and distal segment segment Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.004-0.010  0.005-0.008 0.006 Bristle Diameter (in) 0.001-0.0025 0.00175-0.002 0.02 Segment Diameter (mm) 14-38  18-30 25 Gap Between Segments 0.5-10   2-5 3-4 Direction of fibres in most Proximally Proximally Proximally proximal segment pointing pointing pointing Direction of fibres in most distal Distally Distally Distally pointing segment, or segments pointing pointing

TABLE 3b 0.054-0.060 in ID Catheter Preferably 0.056 in Implant for long vessel segment treatment More Attribute Range Preferably Preferably Length of Implant (cm) 2-30  4-25 10-20 Suitable Vessel Diameter 2-20  3-15  3-12 (mm) Number of Bristle Segments 2-30  4-25 9-22, or approximately 1 segment per cm of implant length Number of Bristles in 50-110 70-90 80 Proximal Segment Length of Proximal Bristle 2-6  2.8-4.2 3.5 Segment (mm) Number of Bristles in Distal 50-130  80-100 90 Segments Length of Distal Bristle 2.5-5   3.5-4.5 3.9 Segment (mm) Membrane Location Proximal and Proximal and Proximal distal segment distal segment segment Membrane Diameter (mm) 11-20  13-15 14 Membrane Thickness (μm) <25 <18  9-15 Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.004-0.010  0.005-0.008 0.006-0.008 Bristle Diameter (in) 0.001-0.002  — 0.0175 Segment Diameter (mm) 14-38  18-30 25 Gap Between Segments 0.5-10   2-5 3-7 (mm) Direction of fibres in most Proximally Proximally Proximally proximal segment pointing pointing pointing Direction of fibres in most Distally Distally Distally distal segment, or segments pointing pointing pointing

TABLE 3c Implant for long vessel segment treatment 0.054-0.060 in ID Catheter Preferably 0.056 in More Attribute Range Preferably Preferably Length of Implant (cm) 2-30  4-25  5-20 Suitable Vein Diameter 2-15  3-15  3-112 (mm) Suitable Artery Diameter 2-15 4-9 5-7 (mm) Number of Bristle Segments 2-30  4-25 9-22, or approximately 1 segment per cm of implant length Number of Bristles in 50-110 70-90 80 Proximal Segment Length of Proximal Bristle 2-6  2.8-4.2 3.40 ± 0.5 mm Segment (mm) Number of Bristles in Distal 50-130  80-100 90 Segments Length of Distal Bristle 2.5-5   3.5-4.5 3.70 ± 0.5 mm Segment (mm) Membrane Location Proximal and/ Proximal and Proximal or distal distal segment segment segment Membrane Diameter (mm) 11-20  13-15 14 Membrane Thickness (μm) <25 <18 10-16 Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.004-0.010  0.005-0.008 0.006-0.008 Bristle Diameter (in) 0.001-0.002  —     0.0175 Segment Diameter (mm) 14-38  18-30 25 Gap Between Proximal 0.5-10   2-7 3-4 Segments (mm) Gap Between Distal 0.5-10   2-7   6-6.5 Segments (mm) Direction of fibres in most Proximally Proximally Proximally proximal segment pointing pointing pointing Direction of fibres in most Distally Distally Distally distal segment, or segments pointing pointing pointing

In some instances, it is not possible to access a target vessel using a standard catheter or sheath (which usually has an inner diameter of 0.035-0.038 inches). For these instances a range of catheters have been developed known as microcatheters. These catheters exhibit excellent flexibility, and have an outer diameter typically less than 3.3 French. The internal diameter of these catheters ranges from 0.012 to 0.029 inches. Standard internal diameters are 0.021, 0.024 and 0.027 inches. For compatibility with such catheters devices of the invention with the following attributes are preferred.

TABLE 4a 0.021-0.029 in ID Catheter Preferably 0.027 in Attribute Range Preferably More Preferably Suitable Vessel Diameter 1.0-6.0  — 1.5 (mm) Bristle Diameter (in) 0.0005-0.002 0.0007-0.0015 0.001 Number of Segments 1-4  1-2 1 Number of Bristles in 100-500  200-450 300-400 Segment Length of Proximal Bristle 2-10 3.5-9   7 Segment (mm) Diameter of Proximal End of 2-12 3-7 3 Segment (mm) Diameter of Distal End of 4-14  4-10 8 Segment (mm) Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.003-0.010  0.003-0.006 0.004-0.005 Stem Diameter (in) 0.05-0.020 0.005-0.015 0.007 Gap between segments (mm) None, or 1-5 None, or 1-3 Not Applicable Direction of fibres in most Proximally Proximally Proximally proximal segment pointing pointing pointing Direction of fibres in most Distally pointing Distally Distally pointing distal segment, or segments pointing

TABLE 4b 0.025-0.030 in ID Catheter Preferably ≥0.027 in Implant for short vessel treatment More Attribute Range Preferably Preferably Length of Implant (cm) 1.0-2.5    ≤2.0 ≤15 Suitable Artery Diameter 1.5-7   1.5-5   1.5-4.5 (mm) Number of Bristle 1-3 — 2 Segments Number of Bristles in 100-200 115-135 125 Proximal Segment Length of Proximal 2-5 2.5-3.5 3 Bristle Segment (mm) Number of Bristles in  50-120 70-90 80 Distal Segments Length of Distal Bristle 2-5 2.5-3.5 3 Segment (mm) Membrane Location Proximal and Proximal and Proximal distal segment distal segment segment Membrane Diameter 3-8 4-6 5 (mm) Membrane Thickness <25 <18  9-15 (μm) Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.002-0.006 0.003-0.004 0.004 Diameter of Bristle in 0.00075-0.002 — 0.001 Proximal Segment (in) Diameter of Bristle in 0.001-0.002 — 0.0015 Distal Segment (in) Segment Diameter (mm)  6-20 −12 10 Gap Between Segments 0.5-4   1-2 1 (mm)

TABLE 4c 0.025-0.030 in ID Catheter Preferably 0.027 in Implant for short vessel treatment More Attribute Range Preferably Preferably Length of Implant (cm) 1.0-2.5    ≤2.0 ≤1.5 Suitable Artery Diameter 1.5-7   1.5-5   1.5-4.5 (mm) Number of Bristle Segments 1-3 — 2 Number of Bristles in  40-100 40-75 40-60 Proximal Segment Length of Proximal Bristle 2-5 2.5-3.5 2 ± 0.5 mm Segment (mm) Number of Bristles in Distal 40-80 40-60 40-60 Segments Length of Distal Bristle 2-5 2.5-3.5 2 ± 0.5 mm Segment (mm) Membrane Location Proximal Proximal and Proximal and/or distal distal segment segment segment Membrane Diameter (mm) 3-8 4-7 6 Membrane Thickness (μm) <25 <18  7-13 Stem Wire Diameter (in) 0.001-0.005 0.004-0.004 0.003 Diameter of Bristle in 0.00075-0.002  0.001-0.0015 0.0015 Proximal Segment (in) Diameter of Bristle in Distal 0.001-0.002 0.0010.0015 0.0015 Segment (in) Segment Diameter (mm)  6-20 −12 10 Gap Between Segments 0.5-4   1-2 1 (mm)

A range of geometries, incorporating gaps between segments may be used. In one embodiment a bristle segment of uniform diameter may be used (FIG. 238(a)).

A lower profile collapsed configuration can be achieved for delivery through a microcatheter by using a taper in which the proximal diameter of the bristle segment is lower than the distal diameter of the bristle segment. This is shown schematically in FIG. 238(b). This is achievable since the distal bristles do not need to collapse onto any stem distally, while the proximal bristles lie on all bristles which are present distally.

In order to ensure adequate anchoring of the implant in the vessel to prevent migration, a specific portion of the bristle segment may be designed such that a minimum degree of oversizing with respect to the vessel diameter is incorporated. The degree of taper introduced may be driven by this. In one configuration the lowest diameter of the bristle segment is at least that of the target vessel diameter. For example in FIG. 238 (f), the lower diameter proximal portion of the implant may be at least that of the target vessel, while the larger diameter may be substantially larger than the target vessel. In one embodiment the lower diameter portion of the segment may be 2-4 mm, while the larger diameter portion of the bristle segment may be 4-8 mm. In another embodiment the diameter of the bristle segment may be approximately the same as the target vessel.

In another configuration, a double tapered segment may be used (FIG. 238 (c)), or a number of individual tapered segments may be used (FIG. 238 (d)).

The use of a gap can further improve the efficiency (increase in the number of bristles) with which bristles can be placed within a catheter while maintaining a low profile implant in the collapsed condition. More fibres ensures better anchor force and increased interference with blood flow resulting in better thrombogenicity and shorter time to occlusion. Some examples are shown in FIGS. 238 (m-r) and (d). Any combination of these features (gaps and tapers) can further increase the effectives of the implant in anchoring within the vessel and causing vessel occlusion.

Another means to enable a profile sufficiently low to fit through a microcatheter is the use of bristles of differing types i.e. with different properties. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 239 a large number of fibres of a low diameter may be incorporated in one area of a segment to induce rapid thrombus formation and vessel occlusion. Similarly a lower number of fibres of a higher diameter may be incorporated. In one embodiment a group of fibres of diameter 0.0007 inches, and a group of fibres of 0.001 inches is used. In another instance a group of fibres of 0.001 and 0.0015 inches are used.

When the implant is placed into a catheter it is in a collapsed condition. If all bristles of a segment are collapsed such that they all point one direction, the bristles will lie on top of one another. This increases the profile of the segment in the collapsed condition. A longer segment with more bristles means a larger profile in the collapsed condition. One means to reduce the profile in the collapsed condition is to collapse some of the fibres such that they point distally, and others such that they point proximally. This is shown schematically in FIG. 240.

Following deployment the bristle segment may be resheathed. This will force all fibres which original pointed proximally to be flipped such that they point distally. In one embodiment there is sufficient space within the microcatheter to enable all bristles to enter the microcatheter. In another configuration a most distal portion of the segment may not fully enter the microcatheter due to insufficient space for the bristles i.e. the profile is too high when all fibres of the segment point distally.

In yet another embodiment, the amount and configurations of the bristle segment may be tuned such that while not all fibres can enter the catheter, due to insufficient space, the bristles which remain outside the catheter are aligned roughly parallel to the catheter centreline and thus do not contact the vessel wall. This ensures that if the physician wishes to remove the implant or alter its position he or she will cause damage or denudation of the vessel wall.

In yet another embodiment, an extendable connection exists between a distal and proximal segment. This will be advantageous particularly where the collapsed profile is too large to be resheathed due to proximal segment bristles overlapping the distal segment bristles. As the physician pulls the proximal segment into the catheter and as the distal segment begins to enter the catheter causing resistance the extendable connection will stretch increasing or enabling a gap to emerge between segments. The increase in the gap size can enable the collapse of more or all of the segments into the catheter. FIG. 243 (a) shows such a configuration with an extendable connection in the unloaded state. FIG. 243 (b) displays the same configuration in the loaded state with the extendable connection elongated. FIG. 243 (c) shows the resheathing step wherein the catheter collapses the proximal segment bristles. This action also causes an elongation of the extendable connection alleviating the degree of overlap of the proximal bristles onto the distal bristles. The extendable connection may comprise a spring or elastic element which can return to its original length upon unloading. The extendable connection may comprise non-elastic type element.

Another means to reduce the profile of the bristle segment is to trim the segment such that it has a non-circular cross section. This is shown schematically in FIG. 241. (a) shows a conventional bristle segment which has not been trimmed. FIG. 241 (b) shows a segment which has been trimmed such that there is a lower diameter region. In this way the longer fibres will serve to ensure the implant is well anchored in the vessel, while the shorter fibres will support thrombus formation. Other non-circular geometries such as a square FIG. 241 (c), triangular or others may be used.

In some implants, a membrane or flow blocking member may be incorporated. A number of configurations are shown schematically in FIG. 244 which deals with the problem of space constraints within a microcatheter. Since the membrane will contribute significantly to the profile of the implant in the collapsed configuration, it may be advantageous to place the membrane in an area of the segment which is generally of low profile in the collapsed configuration. This low profile area of the segment may be achieved by any of the means described above (including reduced segment diameter, use of lower diameter bristles, use of tapers and the like).

As described previously, the implant may be detached via a screw mechanism. In one embodiment the female or male portion of the detachment mechanism is comprised of a radiopaque material. This is to facilitate visibility of detachment during use. In yet another embodiment both female and male portions of the screw detachment mechanism are radiopaque enabling the physician to distinctively see the male detach from the female.

In one embodiment a male portion of a screw detachment mechanism is attached to the implant, and the female to the delivery wire. In another embodiment the female portion of the screw detachment mechanism is attached to the implant and the male portion to the delivery wire.

A gap between segments as shown in FIG. 217(a) can facilitate a low profile during delivery and retrieval. During retrieval, via re-sheathing of the implant into a catheter, the gap facilitates a low profile when the fibres of the proximal segment which may include a membrane are altered from a proximally pointing configuration to a distally pointing direction. In a situation wherein retrieval of the implant is not a desirable attribute the gap between the segments may be as low as 1 mm. In another embodiment there may be no gap between the distally and proximal segments.

A further embodiment of the device, deliverable through a microcatheter, is described in Table 5. The design is similar to that shown in FIG. 232. In one configuration a larger bristle diameter is used in the distal segment than the proximal segment. This is to ensure maximum outward radial force from the distal segment helping to anchor the device. A lower bristle diameter may be utilised in the proximal segment in order to facilitate a membrane in the proximal segment while also being deliverable through a microcatheter.

As discussed previously, the oversizing of the device diameter compared to the vessel (calculated as the percentage difference in diameter between segment diameter and the vessel diameter) is preferably at least 20%, more preferably 50% of the vessel diameter and more preferably at least 100% of the vessel diameter in which the device is implanted. Even more preferably, 150% oversizing should be employed.

Embolization Procedures

Embolization procedures may be undertaken by a range of physicians, primarily interventional radiologists, endovascular surgeons, and interventional cardiologists. There are a number of indications for embolization. Frequently performed procedures, and the associated physician are summarised in the table below.

In embolization in general the flow direction is from proximal to the distal (prograde, or away from the heart). This is the natural flow direction in arteries. In healthy veins, the flow direction will generally be the opposite (retrograde, towards the heart). However in general, embolization is performed in patients with reflux meaning flow will also be prograde.

Because the flow will generally be from proximal to distal it is preferable to have a membrane on the proximal end of the device open proximally, with the bristles also pointing proximally. This mitigates any potential for flow to pass around the outside of the membrane.

Target Primary Vessel for Direction Indication Physician Occlusion Access Site of Flow Notes Assisted Endovascular Accessory Radial Prograde The accessory veins are Maturation of Surgeon, Veins in Artery draining the venous Dialysis Access Interventional AVF outflow, therefore flow Fistulas Radiologist is the opposite of a normal accessory vein. Catheter tip points in direction of flow during device delivery. Accessory Venous Prograde The accessory veins are Veins in Outflow draining the venous AVF outflow, therefore flow is the opposite of a normal accessory vein. Catheter tip points in direction of flow during device delivery. Hemoptysis Interventional Bronchial Femoral/ Prograde Catheter tip points in Radiologist Artery Radial direction of flow during Artery device delivery Pre Op Y-90 Interventional Gastroduodenal, Femoral/ Prograde Catheter tip points in (prevent non- Radiologist Gastric, Radial direction of flow during target Cystic Artery device delivery embolization) Artery Varicocele Vascular Gonadal/ Jugular Prograde Refluxing/diseased Surgeon, Ovarian Vein/ vessel, so flow is away Interventional Vein Femoral from heart. Catheter tip Radiologist points in direction of flow during device delivery. Membrane may be used to control sclerosant to treat collateral vessels. Liver Interventional Hepatic Femoral/ Prograde Catheter tip points in Metastases Radiologist Artery Radial direction of flow during Artery device delivery Type II Vascular Inferior Femoral/ Prograde Catheter tip points in Endoleaks Surgeon Mesenteric Radial direction of flow during Artery, Artery device delivery Internal Iliac Arteries Pelvic Vascular Ovarian Jugular Prograde Refluxing/diseased Congestion Surgeon, Vein, Vein/ vessel, so flow is away Syndrome Interventional Internal or Femoral from heart. Catheter tip Radiologist Pudendal points in direction of Vein flow during device delivery. Membrane may be used to control sclerosant to treat collateral vessels. Hemorrhoids Vascular Internal Iliac Jugular Prograde Refluxing/diseased Surgeon, or Pudendal Vein/ vessel meaning Interventional Vein Femoral haemorrhoidal plexus is Radiologist not draining properly. Flow is away from heart into the plexus. Catheter tip points in direction of flow during device delivery Hemorroidal Femoral/ Prograde Catheter tip points in Arteries Radial direction of flow during Artery device delivery Liver Cancer: Interventional Portal Vein Trans- Prograde Catheter tip points in Promotion of Radiologist hepatic direction of flow during future remnant entry via device delivery hypertrophy contralateral approach Interventional Portal Vein Trans- Prograde Depending on Radiologist hepatic orientation of entry via catheter/tip, could be ipsilateral retrograde flow. approach Interventional Portal Vein Jugular Prograde Catheter tip points in Radiologist Vein direction of flow during device delivery Aneurysms Interventional Splenic, Femoral or Prograde Catheter tip points in Radiologist hepatic Radial direction of flow during artery Artery device delivery Haemorrhage Vascular Any artery Radial or Prograde Catheter tip points in Surgeon, Femoral direction of flow during Interventional Artery device delivery Radiologist

Treatment of an Aneurysm with a Membrane at Distal and Proximal Ends

Normally blood flows from proximal to distal in the parent vessel, past an aneurysm, with some filling of the aneurysm sac. It may therefore seem intuitive that occlusion of the proximal inflow towards the aneurysm should prevent flow into the sac. However, in some scenarios occlusion of the proximal vessel can alter the hemodynamics of the vessels locally, meaning flow can travel from distal to the aneurysm causing further filling and pressurising of the aneurysm sac. In this scenario the physician aims to occlude the parent vessel proximal and distal to the aneurysm. This is known as front-door backdoor treatment of the aneurysm.

In one embodiment the device may be configured such that there is both a proximal and distal membrane on the device, enabling rapid occlusion of the parent vessel both proximal and distal to the aneurysm. Accordingly the proximal membrane is configured to be proximal the aneurysm sac, while the distal membrane is distal to the membrane sac. In a preferable configuration the membrane on the proximal bristle segment is open proximally, and the membrane on the distal segment is open distally.

One arrangement with two bristle segments 1600, 1601 each containing a membrane 1602, 1603 is illustrated in FIG. 244. Another arrangement with several additional segments 1605 to bridge a larger aneurysm is illustrated in FIG. 245.

Use of a Stiff and Flexible Interconnects Between Distal Segments in Longer Device

In some instances the properties of the segments may be such that no flexible connections in required. For short devices flexible connections may not be required. However for longer devices some flexibility may be required. It is preferable that at least one flexible connection per 5 cm of the implant length be present.

In one configuration, a device has many distal bristle segments in which the distal segments are connected via both flexible and stiff connections. This may be required when flexible connections between all distal segments mean that the pushability of the implant when being delivered through a catheter is compromised due to too much flexibility. This may be the case in particular where very flexible connections incorporating a hinge are used. The replacement of at least one flexible connection with a stiff or stiffer connection will improve the column stiffness of the implant and hence its pushability. This will reduce the force required to push the implant through the delivery catheter. It may be preferable to place the stiff connections intermittently between the flexible sections to ensure good flexibility along the length while also maintaining good pushability along the length.

One such device is illustrated in FIG. 246. This device has proximal and distal segment 1610, 1611 and a plurality of intermediate segments 1612. Some of the connections between the segments are hinged 1613 and others are relatively stiff 1614.

It is preferable that the membrane is within the bristle segment. A bristle manipulating tool may be used and some of the bristles may be manipulated so that the bristles are aligned with the stem. A flow restrictor membrane is mounted between the bristles and thereafter the bristles are released from the tool or vice versa.

When the bristles recover the membrane will be between and protected and secured by bristles both proximally and distally.

To ensure that the membrane is controlled by the adjacent bristles, some bristles should be present both distal and proximal to the membrane. In one confirmation the membrane 1630 is placed such that 50% of bristles are proximal to the membrane while 50% are distal to the membrane. To prevent overlap of the membrane onto structures proximal to the segment (such as a detach mechanism, or delivery wire), the membrane may be placed more distally within the segment. In one configuration 60% of fibres are proximal to the membrane while 40% are distal to the membrane. In another configuration 70% of fibres are proximal to the membrane while 30% are distal to the membrane. In another configuration 80% of fibres are proximal to the membrane while 20% are distal to the membrane.

Membrane Hole Diameter and Interference Fit

Placement of the membrane within the bristle segments ensures that bristles inhibit the membrane from translating proximally or distally along the segment while in use or when deployed. The security of the membrane may be further improved via an interference fit between a hole in the membrane and of the segment stem. To achieve this, the hole in the membrane should be smaller than the stem of the segment. Once placed onto the stem the mismatch of the diameter of the stem and the hole in the membrane will cause friction between the two surfaces and an interference fit.

To achieve an interference fit the hole in the membrane should be less the stem diameter. Preferably the hole diameter in the membrane should be at least 0.001 in less than the diameter of the stem. More preferably the hole diameter in the membrane should be at least 0.002 in less than the diameter of the stem.

It will be appreciated that if the hole in the membrane is too small, excessive stretching may be required to apply the membrane to the segment causing irrecoverable deformation of the hole such that no interference may be present or a gap could exist between the stem and the hole in the membrane. In this instance some flow may pass through this gap inhibiting the device performance in terms of occlusion. The hole of the membrane should be no more than 40% less than the diameter of the stem.

Ideally the hole diameter is specified such that the ratio between the initial hole diameter and stretched hole diameter should be less than the ultimate elongation of the membrane material such that the membrane hole diameter will recover to its lower diameter causing interference fit with the stem.

The device disclosed may also be used in fields beyond embolization. For example, these embodiments may be particularly useful in the field of contraception wherein the fallopian tubes are occluded. Furthermore the device disclosed may be used in the field of bronchiopulmonary occlusion. For example, in the case where a physician wishes to exclude a portion of the lung by occluding a bronchus.

Modifications and additions can be made to the embodiments of the invention described herein without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, while the embodiments described herein refer to particular features, the invention includes embodiments having different combinations of features. The invention also includes embodiments that do not include all of the specific features described.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, which may be varied in construction and detail.

REFERENCES

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The invention claimed is:
 1. An embolization device for promoting clot formation in a lumen, the embolization device comprising: a stem, the stem being at least partially discontinuous along a length of the stem so as to define a proximal segment and a distal segment, the proximal segment comprising a first bristle segment comprising a first plurality of bristles extending outwardly from the stem of the proximal segment, and the distal segment comprising a second bristle segment comprising a second plurality of bristles extending outwardly from the stem of the distal segment, wherein the second bristle segment is longitudinally spaced from the first bristle segment to define a gap distance and wherein a spacing between each of the longitudinally adjacent bristles within the first and second bristle segments is less than the gap distance; and a flow restrictor comprising a membrane, the flow restrictor extending outwardly from the stem, wherein the flow restrictor is coupled to the stem at a position located longitudinally within one of the first bristle segment and the second bristle segment wherein the first bristle segment, the second bristle segment, and the flow restrictor have a contracted delivery configuration and a deployed configuration, and wherein the plurality of bristles of the first bristle segment or the second bristle segment urge the flow restrictor into the deployed configuration.
 2. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor is located longitudinally within the first bristle segment of the proximal segment of the stem.
 3. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor is located longitudinally within the second bristle segment of the distal segment of the stem.
 4. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor membrane comprises a flexible material.
 5. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor membrane comprises a polymeric material.
 6. The embolization device of claim 5, wherein the flow restrictor membrane comprises an elastomeric material.
 7. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor membrane comprises a film.
 8. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor membrane is substantially impermeable.
 9. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor membrane has a disk shape.
 10. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor membrane has a conical shape in the deployed configuration.
 11. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of bristles extend circumferentially from the proximal segment of the stem and the second plurality of bristles extend circumferentially from the distal segment of the stem.
 12. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the first bristle segment has a collapsed configuration in which the bristles point proximally, and the second bristle segment has a collapsed configuration in which the bristles point distally.
 13. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of bristles of the first bristle segment when in the deployed configuration extend generally radially outwardly from the proximal segment of the stem, and the second plurality of bristles of the second bristle segment when in the deployed configuration extend generally radially outwardly from the distal segment of the stem.
 14. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of bristles of the first bristle segment when in the deployed configuration extend partially in a first longitudinal direction and the second plurality of bristles of the second bristle segment when in the deployed configuration extend partially in a second longitudinal direction which is opposite to the first longitudinal direction.
 15. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the first and second plurality of bristles comprise flexible bristles.
 16. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the stem further comprises a connector between the proximal segment of the stem and distal segment of the stem, wherein the connector couples the proximal segment of the stem to the distal segment of the stem.
 17. The embolization device of claim 16 wherein the connector is flexible.
 18. The embolization device of claim 16 wherein the connector is non-flexible.
 19. The embolization device of claim 16 wherein the connector is extendable.
 20. The embolization device of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor has a central hole and there is an interference fit between the central hole and the stem. 